Routine Use of Preoperative Neck Ultrasound in Primary Hyperparathyroidism Identifies Coexisting Thyroid Disease and Improves Parathyroid Localization

2021 ◽  
pp. 000313482199199
Author(s):  
Trenton Foster ◽  
Benzon Dy ◽  
Raffaele Rocco ◽  
Travis Mckenzie ◽  
Geoffrey Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Hyperparathyroidism ◽  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Neck Ultrasound ◽  
Thyroid Pathology ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Partial Thyroidectomy ◽  
Parathyroid Localization

Background In Jan 2018, we began routinely obtaining neck ultrasound (US) with 123I/99Tc-sestamibi (MIBI) for parathyroid gland localization and to identify thyroid pathology in the setting of primary hyperparathyroidism (1HPT). The aim of this study is to assess if routine neck US is a useful adjunct to 123I/99Tc-MIBI in 1HPT. Methods Patients undergoing surgery for 1HPT with both 123I/99Tc-MIBI and US at our institution after implementation of routine US were reviewed. Biopsy and surgical management of thyroid pathology was evaluated. 123I/99Tc-MIBI and US results were compared to intraoperative findings to determine sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) for parathyroid localization. Results From January 2018 to September 2019, there were 423 patients (mean, 61 years) that met inclusion criteria (80% women). Thyroid nodules were found on US in 57%, mean size 1.3 + 0.8 cm. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) was performed in 87 patients with nodules (36%). 35 patients (8.5%) required total or partial thyroidectomy for diagnoses/treatment. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) was found in 3.5% of the cohort with micro-PTC 53% and PTC 1-2 cm 40%. A successful parathyroid operation for 1HPT was achieved in 98.6% of patients. Positive predictive value for localization of abnormal parathyroid glands was 97% when US and 123I/99Tc-MIBI had concordant findings. Discussion Routine use of US in 1HPT commonly identifies nodules that are benign or low-risk PTC. Ultrasound is less sensitive for parathyroid localization but when used with 123I/99Tc-MIBI, concordant imaging has a high PPV.

Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-Fluorocholine PET and 11C-Methionine PET for parathyroid localization in primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Bioletto ◽  
Marco Barale ◽  
Mirko Parasiliti-Caprino ◽  
Nunzia Prencipe ◽  
Alessandro Maria Berton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Hyperparathyroidism ◽  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Parathyroid Localization ◽  
The Moment

Background. Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by an autonomous hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone by one or more parathyroid glands. Preoperative localization of the affected gland(s) is of key importance in order to allow minimally invasive surgery. At the moment, 11C-Methionine and 18F-Fluorocholine PET studies appear to be among the most promising second-line localization techniques; their comparative diagnostic performance, however, is still unknown. Methods. PubMed/Medline and Embase databases were searched up to October 2020 for studies estimating the diagnostic accuracy of 11C-Methionine PET or 18F-Fluorocholine PET for parathyroid localization in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Pooled sensitivity and positive predictive value were calculated for each tracer on a “per-lesion” basis and then compared using a random-effect model subgroup analysis. Results. Twenty-two studies were finally considered in the meta-analysis. Among these, 8 evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of 11C-Methionine and 14 that of 18F-Fluorocholine. No study directly comparing the two tracers was found. The pooled sensitivity of 18F-Fluorocholine was higher than that of 11C-Methionine (92% vs 80%, p < 0.01), while the positive predictive value was similar (95% vs 94%, p = 0.99). These findings were confirmed in multivariable meta-regression models, demonstrating their apparent independence from other possible predictors or confounders at a study level. Conclusion. This was the first meta-analysis that specifically compared the diagnostic accuracy of 11C-Methionine and 18F-Fluorocholine PET for parathyroid localization in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Our results suggested a superior performance of 18F-Fluorocholine in terms of sensitivity, while the two tracers had comparable accuracy in terms of positive predictive value.

The Association of “GOOP” on Gross Examination of Fine Needle Aspiration Samples and On-Site Adequacy

Respiration ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Nikhil Meena ◽  
Thaddeus Bartter ◽  
Roshen Mathew ◽  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Winnie Elma Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Study Interval ◽  
White Material ◽  
Gross Examination ◽  
Malignant Diagnosis ◽  
Rule Out

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Rapid on-site cytologic evaluation (ROSE) is not always available for fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. We have examined the relationships between the presence of “GOOP” (defined as gooey white material) on FNA aspirates, on-site adequacy (OSA), and diagnosis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Consecutive FNA samples obtained over the study interval were included. Samples were assessed macroscopically for the presence or absence of GOOP (GOOP+ or GOOP−). GOOP+ samples were further characterized as shiny (G+<sub>S</sub>) or cheesy (G+<sub>C</sub>). Gross descriptors were correlated with OSA and final diagnoses. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 204 sites biopsied, 102 were malignant, 94 benign, and 8 nondiagnostic. The presence of GOOP was highly predictive for adequacy (positive predictive value 98%). While these correlations for GOOP positivity were significant, the absence of GOOP did not rule out adequacy or malignancy. The presence of GOOP was also significantly correlated with a malignant diagnosis. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> We have prospectively demonstrated that the presence of GOOP correlates strongly with adequacy. This may be of value for those for whom ROSE is not available and, when available, may help prioritize specimens for on-site review.

scholarly journals Immunocytochemistry Test of Protein BRAF Expression for Diagnosis of Well Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Wayan Sudarsa ◽  
Elvis Deddy Kurniawan Pualillin ◽  
Putu Anda Tusta Adiputra ◽  
Ida Bagus Tjakra Wibawa Manuaba
Keyword(s):  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Negative Predictive Value ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Preoperative Diagnosis ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Inclusion Criteria

Background: Thyroid carcinoma generally has a good prognosis. The main focus of current research on thyroid carcinoma is to increase the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules. When the result of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is indeterminate, clinicians often have doubts in determining the surgical management. Objective: Protein BRAF expression analysis can help improve the accuracy of FNAB and optimize the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Methods: This study is a diagnostic test performed from October 2016 at Sanglah General Hospital with 38 patients as subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data is being presented in descriptive form before diagnostic test is done to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and the accuracy of immunocytochemistry test for BRAF on indeterminate thyroid nodule. Results: Thirty-eight samples met the inclusion criteria during the study period. Three samples were male (7.9%) and 35 samples (92.1%) were female. The mean age of the sample was 45.21 years (SD ±10.910 years) with ages ranging from 23 to 66 years. Of the 12 samples undergoing isthmolobectomy, 7 samples (58.4%) were determined to be malignant from histopathological results. The sensitivity value of BRAF immunocytochemistry test is 45.45% with a specificity value of 81.25%, a positive predictive value of 76.92%, a negative predictive value of 52% and an accuracy of 60.50%. Analysis of the receiver operator (ROC) curve shows the area under the curve (AUC) of 63.4% with a confidence interval of 45.5–81.2%. Conclusion: Immunocytochemistry BRAF test have a reliable diagnostic value and can be taken into consideration in the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid malignancies.

THE RISK OF THYROID CANCER IN PATIENTS WITH THYROID NODULE 3 CM OR LARGER

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1286-1290
Author(s):  
Edy Kornelius ◽  
Shih-Chang Lo ◽  
Chien-Ning Huang ◽  
Yi-Sun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Fine Needle

Objective: There are conflicting data on the risk of thyroid cancer in thyroid nodules 3 cm or larger, and few such studies on this issue have been conducted in Asia. This study aimed to examine the risk of thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules 3 cm or larger. Methods: This was a 7-year retrospective study conducted in a tertiary referral hospital in Taiwan. All patients with a thyroid nodule measuring ≥3 cm who underwent thyroid operation with or without fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) were included. The prevalence rate of thyroid cancer, as well as the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and false-negative rate of FNAB for thyroid nodule ≥3 cm were also examined. Results: A total of 132 patients were included in this study. Thyroid cancer was detected in 19 of 132 (14.4%) thyroid nodules measuring ≥3 cm. The performance of FNAB for detecting cancer in nodules 3 cm or larger without considering other ultrasonography parameters was relatively poor with a sensitivity of 50%, but the specificity (100%), PPV (100 %), and NPV (93.4 %) were excellent. Conclusion: The risk of thyroid cancer for thyroid nodules ≥3 cm in this study was low. The PPV and NPV of FNAB were high for the detection of cancer in large nodules. The decision to perform thyroidectomy should not be solely based on nodule size and should include other factors, such as ultrasound characteristics and surgical risk. Abbreviations: ATA = American Thyroid Association; FNAB = fine-needle aspiration biopsy; mPTC = micropapillary thyroid carcinoma; NPV = negative predictive value; PPV = positive predictive value; PTC = papillary thyroid carcinoma

scholarly journals The positive predictive value of asymmetrical skin creases in the diagnosis of pathological developmental dysplasia of the hip

2018 ◽  
Vol 100-B (5) ◽  
pp. 675-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Anderton ◽  
G. R. Hastie ◽  
R. W. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Developmental Dysplasia ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
One Stop ◽  
Dysplasia Of The Hip

Aims The aim of this study was to identify the association between asymmetrical skin creases of the thigh, buttock or inguinal region and pathological developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Patients and Methods Between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2016, all patients referred to our unit from primary or secondary care with risk factors for DDH were assessed in a “one stop” clinic. All had clinical and sonographic assessment by the senior author (RWP) with the results being recorded prospectively. The inclusion criteria for this study were babies and children referred with asymmetrical skin creases. Those with a neurological cause of DDH were excluded. The positive predictive value (PPV) for pathological DDH was calculated. Results A total of 105 patients met the inclusion criteria. There were 71 girls and 34 boys. Only two were found to have pathological DDH. Both also had unilateral limited abduction of the hip in flexion and a positive Galeazzi sign with apparent leg-length discrepancy. Thus, if the specialist examination of a patient with asymmetrical skin creases was normal, the PPV for DDH was 0%. Conclusion Isolated asymmetrical skin creases are an unreliable clinical sign in the diagnosis of pathological DDH. Greater emphasis should be placed on the presence of additional clinical signs to guide radiological screening in babies and children. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:675–9.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy in Diagnosing Parotid Gland Malignancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-26
Author(s):  
Kathleen Joy B. Santiago ◽  
Rodante A. Roldan ◽  
Samantha S. Castañeda
Keyword(s):  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Negative Predictive Value ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Aspiration Biopsy ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Objective: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall accuracy of FNAB in detecting parotid malignancies in our institution. Methods: Design:           Retrospective Chart Review Setting:           Tertiary Government Hospital Participants: Postoperative records of seventy six (76) patients with tumors of the parotid gland preoperatively diagnosed by FNAB. Results: The sensitivity of FNAB was 46%. The specificity and positive predictive value were both 100% and negative predictive value was 90%. Overall accuracy in diagnosing malignant parotid tumor was 91%. Conclusion: FNAB in this institution is a poor predictor of malignancy, having a sensitivity rate of only 46%. While this may serve as a basis for not recommending pre-operative FNAB for patients with parotid tumors in the interim, other factors should also be considered, including concerns with the actual performance and interpretion of FNAB in our institution. Keywords: Parotid neoplasm, Cancer of the parotid, fine needle aspiration biopsy, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy

scholarly journals Ultrasound and guided fine needle aspiration cytology in the submandibular triangle

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
A. T. Ahuja ◽  
W. T. Yang ◽  
W. King ◽  
C. Metreweli
Keyword(s):  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Negative Predictive Value ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Aspiration Cytology ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Needle Aspiration Cytology

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether High Resolution Ultrasound (US) along with Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) can provide the surgeon with adequate preoperative information for masses in the submandibular triangle.Subjects and methods: Eighty-two consecutive patients with suspected masses of the submandibular triangle had US with guided FNAC (49 patients) and final histological correlation (47 patients).Results: Compared to final histology, US had a sensitivity of 97%, specificity 83%, positive predictive value 91% and a negative predictive value of 95% while FNAC had sensitivity of 100%, specificity 90%, positive predictive value 94% and negative predictive value of 100%.Conclusion: US combined with a FNAC is an ideal initial investigation for evaluating masses in submandibular area.  It is quick, inexpensive, easily available, and provides the surgeon with relevant information preoperatively obviating the need for further expensive imaging.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology in the mediastinum

2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (9) ◽  
pp. 338-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsolt Dubravcsik ◽  
Péter Serényi ◽  
László Madácsy ◽  
Attila Szepes
Keyword(s):  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Negative Predictive Value ◽  
Endoscopic Ultrasound ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Safe Procedure ◽  
Benign Lesions ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Fine Needle

Introduction: Endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration in the posterior mediastinum is technically a relatively simple and safe procedure, and it can provide important information for the further management of patients. Aim: To analyze and compare the results of mediastinal endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration with the data available in the literatue. Patients and methods: The authors retrospectively analyzed their prospective database on mediastinal endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of 49 patients referred to their endoscopy centre between 1 November 2009 and 1 November 2012. For the fine needle aspiration 22 and 25 G needles were used. Two to six needle passes were performed in each patient. All slides were prepared at the endoscopy unit and analyzed at the cytology laboratory. Results: The authors performed mediastinal endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for enlarged lymph nodes or suspected mediastinal malignancy in all but 4 patients (2 suspected oesophageal cancers, 1 suspected benign oesophageal stenosis with wall thickening and 1 cardia tumour, all with non-diagnostic endoscopic biopsies). Five patients were excluded from the analysis since fine needle aspiration was not performed in them. Benign lesions were suspected based on the endoscopic ultrasound morphology in 7, and malignant disease in 37 patients. In 3 cases samples obtained by biopsy were not informative for cytological analysis. Cytology confirmed all benign lesions and showed malignancy in 28 cases. Cytology failed to reveal malignancy in 6 patients, although it was suspected based upon endoscopic ultrasound finding. Furthermore, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration provided the diagnosis in 15 of the 17 patients when bronchoscopy was non-diagnostic. The diagnostic accuracy of the EUS-FNA was the following: sensitivity 82%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 1.0, negative predictive value 0.54. Only one infectious complication was encountered after fine needle aspiration despite antibiotic prophylaxis. Discussion: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of mediastinal pathology is an accurate, safe and technically relatively easy procedure, however it requires practice and skills in mediastinal anatomy. It has an excellent positive predictive value, a very good sensitivity, but slightly poor negative predictive value. The results of this study are concordant with the literature data. The authors suggest that at least 4 needle passes in the absence of on-site pathologist should be performed in order to minimize the number of false-negative results. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 338–344.

Hyperfunctioning parathyroid tumours in patients with thyroid nodules. Sensitivity and positive predictive value of high-resolution ultrasonography and 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy.

2003 ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Lumachi ◽  
M C Marzola ◽  
P Zucchetta ◽  
A Tregnaghi ◽  
D Cecchin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Primary Hyperparathyroidism ◽  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Frozen Section ◽  
Group A ◽  
Parathyroid Tumours ◽  
Group B ◽  
High Resolution Ultrasonography ◽  
99Mtc Sestamibi

A series of 112 consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent both high-resolution neck ultrasonography (US) and 99mTc-sestamibi/99mTc-pertechnetate subtraction scintigraphy (SS) prior to successful parathyroidectomy was reviewed. There were 29 (25.9%) men and 83 (74.1%) women, with a median age of 58 years (range 13-78 years). Patients were divided into two groups, according to the preoperative US findings: group A (87 patients, 77.7%) without thyroid diseases, and group B (25 patients, 22.3%) with either multinodular goitre or a solitary nontoxic thyroid nodule. In group B patients partial or total thyroidectomy was also performed, according to the intraoperative findings and frozen-section examination results. Final histopathology showed 99 (88.4%) solitary parathyroid (PT) adenomas and 3 (2.7%) PT carcinomas, while 10 (8.9%) patients had a multiglandular disease. The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) were (group A vs group B) 79.8% vs 70.8% (P=0.25) and 95.7% vs 94.4% (P=0.58) for US, and 83.3% vs 87.0% (P=0.47) and 95.9% vs 90.9% (P=0.32) for SS respectively. Better but similar (P=not significant) results were obtained in patients with solitary PT tumours: 81.5% vs 77.8% (US) and 85.0 vs 94.1% (SS) sensitivity; 97.1% vs 93.3% (US) and 95.8% vs 88.9% (SS) PPV. Overall, the combination of US and SS was 92.9% sensitive (group A=93.1%, group B=92.0%; P=0.55), and the PPV reached 100% in each group. In conclusion, in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism the results of both US and SS are independent of coexistent thyroid disease, especially in patients with solitary PT tumours.

scholarly journals Μελέτη της μεθυλίωσης ογκοκατασταλτικών γονιδίων σε δείγματα αναρρόφησης δια λεπτής βελόνης σε ασθενείς με καρκίνο του μαστού

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ελευθέριος Βαβουλίδης
Keyword(s):  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Bisulfite Conversion ◽  
P Values ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Specific Pcr

Σκοπός: Η μεθυλίωση DNA σε περιοχές γονιδιακών υποκινητών έχει παρατηρηθεί σε αρκετά είδη καρκίνων, συμπεριλαμβανομένου και του Καρκίνου του Μαστού. Ένα πρωτόκολλο Methylation Specific PCR (MSP) σχεδιάστηκε και εφαρμόστηκε σε κλινικά δείγματα Αναρρόφησης δια λεπτής βελόνης (Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy, FNAB) μαστού, ενός βιολογικού υλικού που έχει ελάχιστα χρησιμοποιηθεί στην βιβλιογραφία, για να προσδιοριστούν τα επίπεδα μεθυλίωσης των υποκινητών των γονιδίων CND2, APC, HIN1 & CDH13 και να εκτιμηθεί το κατά πόσο αυτό το πολυγονιδιακό πάνελ μεθυλίωσης μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί ως βιοδείκτης για την ανίχνευση του Καρκίνου του Μαστού σε ελληνικό πληθυσμό. Μέθοδοι: Οι 104 συμμετέχοντες υπεβλήθησαν σε FNAB το υλικό της οποίας εκτιμήθηκε κυτταρολογικά για κακοήθεια μαστού ή μη και χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την περαιτέρω επιγενετική ανάλυση. Έγινε απομόνωση του DNA από τα κλινικά δείγματα FNAB μαστού και στη συνέχεια ακολούθησε η μετατροπή του παρουσία όξινου θειώδους νατρίου (bisulfite conversion). Οι αντιδράσεις MSP έγιναν με εκκινητές (primers) ειδικούς είτε για την μεθυλιωμένη είτε για τη μη μεθυλιωμένη κατάσταση για καθένα από τα 4 υπό μελέτη γονίδια. Τα τελικά MSP-προϊόντα αναλύθηκαν σε 2% πήκτωμα αγαρόζης με ηλεκτροφόρηση. Αποτελέσματα: Υπερμεθυλίωση παρατηρήθηκε στο 74%, 69.2%, 59.6% και 63.4% των δειγμάτων για τα γονίδια CND2, HIN1, APC και CDH13 αντιστοίχως. Το γονίδιο CND2 ήταν το πιο συχνά μεθυλιωμένο στα περιστατικά με κυτταρολογική διάγνωση κακοήθειας (90%) και τα γονίδια APC και HIN1 στα περιστατικά διαγνωσμένα ως ύποπτα για κακοήθεια (88.2%). Σημαντική συσχέτιση παρατηρήθηκε μεταξύ της ιστολογικής διάγνωσης και των συχνοτήτων μεθυλίωσης όλων των γονιδίων μελέτης (p-values<0.001). Βρέθηκε ότι ο σχετικός κίνδυνος (Odds Ratio) για κακοήθεια μαστού ήταν 8.267 για το γονίδιο CND2, 5.235 για το γονίδιο APC, 7.852 για το γονίδιο HIN1 and 22.920 για το γονίδιο CDH13, υποδηλώνοντας την θετική συσχέτιση της μεθυλίωσης των 4 γονιδίων με την εμφάνιση κακοήθειας μαστού. Επίσης, υπολογίστηκαν οι διαγνωστικές παράμετροι για κάθε γονίδιο και τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι ο συνδυασμός των τεσσάρων γονιδίων σε ένα πολυγονιδιακό πάνελ μεθυλίωσης αυξάνει σημαντικά την Ειδικότητα (Specificity) και Θετική Προγνωστική Αξία (Positive Predictive Value) συγκριτικά με την μεθυλίωση οποιουδήποτε μεμονωμένου εκ των τεσσάρων γονιδίων. Συμπεράσματα: Η μελέτη αυτή δείχνει ότι η FNAB μαστού σε συνδυασμό με τα δεδομένα μεθυλίωσης από τα αναρροφημένα κυτταρολογικά υλικά μαστού εμφανίζουν πολλά υποσχόμενα αποτελέσματα όσον αφορά την χρήση τους ως βιοδείκτη για την πρώιμη ανίχνευση του κινδύνου για Καρκίνο του Μαστού σε γυναίκες με ύποπτες αλλοιώσεις μαστού.

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