Difference in Attachment of the Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle to the Eustachian Tube Cartilage with Age

2003 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiaki Suzuki ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Miwa Kitagawa ◽  
Carey D. Balaban ◽  
Kenji Takasaki
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Development And Aging ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
The Relationship

To test a hypothesis that ventilation of the eustachian tube (ET) varies with age, we investigated the relationship between age and the attachment of the tensor veli palatini muscle (TVPM) to the lateral lamina of the ET cartilage in 12 normal human temporal bones obtained from individuals 3 months to 81 years old. We used computer-aided 3-dimensional reconstruction and measurement methods. We found that the length of the TVPM attachment and its ratio to the length of the ET, especially that of the cartilaginous portion of the ET, increases with age from infancy to adulthood, and decreases with age from young adulthood to later life. These findings are thought to be related to postnatal development and aging. The possibility of differences in ventilation function with age is discussed.

Narrowest (ISTHMUS) Portion of Eustachian Tube: A Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Measurement Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 106 (7) ◽  
pp. 583-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Sudo ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Akihiro Ikui ◽  
Chiaki Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Temporal Bones

Nine normal human temporal bones from persons 16 to 88 years old were studied by computer aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement. The length of the eustachian tube (ET) lumen in three portions (from pharyngeal orifice to tympanic orifice: cartilaginous, junctional, and bony) averaged 23.6 ±4.3 mm, 3.0 ± 1.9 mm, and 6.4 ± 2.6 mm. The narrowest portion of the ET lumen was in the cartilaginous portion in all cases: 20.5 ± 4.2 mm from the pharyngeal orifice and 3.1 ± 1.6 mm from the pharyngeal margin of the junctional portion. The cross-sectional area of the narrowest portion was 0.65 ± 0.2 mm2. The tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle (TVPM) inserted into the lateral lamina in the narrowest portion of the ET lumen in five of nine cases. These results suggest that contraction of the TVPM opens the narrowest portion of the ET lumen to ventilate the middle ear and that this portion also plays a role in protecting the middle ear.

Postnatal Development of the Eustachian Tube and its Surrounding Structures Preliminary Study

1987 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanori Kitajiri ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Tetsuo Takahara
Keyword(s):  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Levator Veli Palatini ◽  
The Face ◽  
Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
The Relationship

The postnatal development of the eustachian tube and its surrounding structures (tubal cartilage, tubal gland, tensor veli palatini muscle, and levator veli palatini muscle) was investigated in serial vertical histologic sections from 12 normal temporal bones of individuals whose ages ranged from 39 weeks' gestation to 19 years of age. After projecting tissue sections onto paper and tracing the structures, several measurements were made in order to analyze this development. Findings revealed that 1) the eustachian tube and its accessory structures developed postnatally up to the age of 19 years. 2) The lumen area in a 19-year-old specimen was 4.7 times that of the 1-day-old infant. The development of the tube was greatest in the pharyngeal part. Postnatal development of the eustachian tube appears to be related to growth of the face. 3) The cartilage area in the 19-year-old specimen was 3.6 times that of the 1-day-old infant. 4) The mucosal acinar cells were predominant in infants but no greater than the number of serous acinar cells by the age of 19 years. 5) The areas of the tensor and levator veli palatini muscles in a 19-year-old specimen were 5.1 and 11.1 times, respectively, those of the 1-day-old infant. This preliminary study reports the postnatal development of the eustachian tube and its accessory structures, a subject never thoroughly investigated to date. However, because of the limited number of cases available, further investigation of a greater number of cases should be performed so that the relationship between tubal development and alterations in function that occur with age can be understood clearly.

Postnatal Development of Static Volume of the Eustachian Tube Lumen

2002 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 832-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Ishijima ◽  
Carey D. Balaban ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Kenji Takasaki ◽  
Makoto Miura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Tube Lumen ◽  
Human Temporal Bone ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

Eleven human temporal bone-eustachian tube (ET) specimens obtained from 11 individuals (ages, 3 months to 88 years) were studied to investigate the static volume of the ET lumen. The volumes were measured by computer-aided 3-dimensional reconstruction and measurement methods. Four of the 11 individuals were children, and the remaining 7 were adults. The total volume of the ET lumen was significantly larger in the adults than in the children (p < .01). This difference was produced by significant growth of the volume of the cartilaginous and junctional portions (p < .01). The lumen of the bony portion, by contrast, did not change with age. Increased volume of the ET lumen, especially of the cartilaginous and junctional portions, would be expected to increase both ventilation and clearance. Therefore, the small volume of ET lumen of the cartilaginous and junctional portions in children may be a predisposing factor for otitis media.

Functional Anatomy of Levator Veli Palatini Muscle and Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle in Association with Eustachian Tube Cartilage

2002 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 530-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Ishijima ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Makoto Miura ◽  
Carey D. Balaban ◽  
Kenji Takasaki
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Inferior Margin ◽  
Levator Veli Palatini ◽  
Medial Rotation ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle

The anatomic relationships among the levator veli palatini muscle (LVPM), the tensor veli palatini muscle (TVPM), and the eustachian tube (ET) cartilage were investigated by computer-aided 3-dimensional reconstruction and measurement methods. The study used 13 normal temporal bone–ET specimens obtained from 13 individuals (range of age at death, 3 months to 88 years). This study revealed several anatomic features of the anterior cartilaginous portion of the ET First, the LVPM is always located inferolateral to the inferior margin of the medial lamina (ML) of the ET cartilage. Second, the LVPM has a large cross-sectional area throughout the extent of the anterior cartilaginous portion of the ET. Third, although the LVPM lies close to the ML of the ET cartilage (0.44 ± 0.16 mm in children and 1.02 ± 0.58 mm in adults), there is no region of attachment. Finally, the TVPM is not attached to the lateral lamina (LL) of the ET cartilage of the anterior quarter of the cartilaginous portion. Accordingly, it could be assumed that the most anterior cartilaginous portion of the ET is opened primarily by the contraction of the LVPM, which causes a superior-medial rotation of the ML. Furthermore, since the contraction time of the LVPM is reported to be longer than that of the TVPM, the anterior cartilaginous portions of the ET may remain open, even after the middle to posterior cartilaginous portions are closed after relaxation of the TVPM. This process would produce a pumping action of the ET in the direction from the middle ear to the pharyngeal side. The pumping function may be beneficial to clearance of the middle ear.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Measurement Study of Human Eustachian Tube Structures: A Hypothesis of Eustachian Tube Function

1998 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 547-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Sudo ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Chiaki Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Inferior Margin ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Tube Function ◽  
Temporal Bones

Histologic sections from nine temporal bones with eustachian tubes (ETs) attached were analyzed with a computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction method to determine the curvature and tilt of the ET and the anatomic relationships between the medial lamina of the ET cartilage, the levator veli palatini muscle (LVPM), and Rosenmüller's fossa. It was found that the ET is convex superomedially and is tilted medially. The LVPM is located inferolateral to the inferior margin of the medial lamina of the anterior ET cartilage. The LVPM is inferior to the medial lamina of the posterior ET cartilage. These findings suggest that the LVPM opens the anterior cartilaginous portion of the ET by rotating the medial lamina with increased dimension of the muscle body when it contracts. Rosenmüller's fossa extends along the ET with rich lymphoid tissues as far as approximately one half the total length of the ET and very close to the skull base.

Postnatal Development of the Internal Auditory Canal Studied by Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Measurement

1995 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsushi Sakashita ◽  
Isamu Sando
Keyword(s):  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Internal Auditory Canal ◽  
First Year ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Middle Portion ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Temporal Bones

Postnatal development of the internal auditory canal (IAC) was investigated in 20 normal human temporal bones obtained from individuals 1 month to 72 years old. Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of bones showed that the superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior walls of the IAC lengthen significantly from birth until about 10 years of age, with development mainly attributable to lengthening of the part of the IAC medial to the foramen singulare. The lengths of the part of the IAC lateral to the foramen singulare and of the transverse crest and Bill's bar did not appear to develop postnatally. The IAC diameter increased slightly at the porus for about the first year after birth, but not at the fundus or the middle portion of the canal. This finding was confirmed by studying the shape of the IAC. Postnatal increases in the volume of the IAC followed patterns similar to that of increases in length of the IAC walls. These results show that postnatally the IAC increases significantly in length until about 10 years of age and slightly in diameter until about 1 year of age, especially medial to the foramen singulare. This concentration of growth of the IAC medially implies that its postnatal development is mainly due to growth of the bone around the otic capsule, which has implications for IAC surgery.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Human Semicircular Canals and Measurement of Each Membranous Canal Plane Defined by Reid's Stereotactic Coordinates

2005 ◽  
Vol 114 (12) ◽  
pp. 934-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichiro Hashimoto ◽  
Hideaki Naganuma ◽  
Koji Tokumasu ◽  
Akihiko Itoh ◽  
Makito Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Bony Labyrinth ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Lateral Posterior ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Objectives: Equations for estimating the planar relationships of the human semicircular canals were devised by Blanks et al from a dissected bony labyrinth in a human skull. However, a similar study on the membranous semicircular canal planes has never been published. Methods: In this study, the angle between each membranous canal plane and Reid's stereotactic horizontal plane was measured on serial histologic sections of 7 temporal bones from Japanese adults. We reconstructed the 3 semicircular canals by computer-aided 3-dimensional analysis. The angles between each pair of both bony and membranous canal planes were measured. Results: In the bony labyrinth, the angles between the 2 canal planes of the lateral-anterior, anterior-posterior, and lateral-posterior pairs were 90.51° ± 2.98° (mean ± SD), 91.70° ± 1.85°, and 94.52° ± 3.32°, respectively. The angles between the 2 membranous canal planes of the lateral-anterior, anterior-posterior, and lateral-posterior pairs were 90.05° ± 4.74°, 91.03° ± 2.93°, and 91.92° ± 5.22°, respectively. Conclusions: The data from our study of the membranous labyrinth showed that the angles between each canal plane and the others were much closer to 90° than was found by Blanks et al for the bony labyrinth.

Pathology of the eustachian tube in otitis media: an electron microscopic study

1993 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 651-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samy Elwany
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
The Relationship

The ultrastructure of the mucosa of the eustachian tube was studied in four temporal bones showing tympanosclerosis, cholesteatoma, otitic meningitis and a grafted tympanic membrane (tympanoplasty). The mucosa of tube was abnormal in the four cases confirming the relationship between the state of the eustachian tube and the inflammatory process in the middle ear. The observed abnormalities included: ciliary loss, abnormal ciliary morphology and motility, oedema of the microvilli, hyperplasia of the goblet cells and the seromucinous acini, desquamation of the non-ciliated cells and appearance of mast cells in the lamina propria of the tube. Ciliary changes were the most frequent abnormalities and the morphological changes, in general, were fewest in the case of healed tympanoplasty. The pathophysiology of the morphological changes was discussed and correlated with the disease in the middle ear.

Lymphoma Invading the Anterior Eustachian Tube

1986 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Takahara ◽  
Charles D. Bluestone ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Eugene N. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
The Right ◽  
Temporal Bones

The temporal bones of a man with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, who had had a bilateral conductive hearing loss and incomplete left-sided facial palsy, were obtained. Sections were prepared for histologic study by staining with hematoxylin and eosin and were examined under the light microscope. The left temporal bone showed marked tumor cell involvement, not only of the lateral part of the cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube (ET) where the tensor veli palatini muscle had been partially destroyed, but also in the anterior part of the temporal bone. A serous middle ear effusion was present, but the lumen of the ET was unaffected by tumor or inflammation. The pathological findings in the right temporal bone were similar to those in the left, although the cartilaginous part of the ET and its surrounding structures were not available for study. The pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion appeared to be secondary to functional ET obstruction, due to the dysfunction of the tensor veli palatini muscle as a result of the tumor destruction. This case is the first to be reported in which functional ET obstruction, secondary to tumor invasion of the active muscle dilator of the ET, has been histologically confirmed.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Using Stereo Pairs from Serial Thick Sections

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 562-563
Author(s):  
Robert Glaeser ◽  
Thomas Bauer ◽  
David Grano
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Stereo Imagery ◽  
Whole Mounts

In transmission electron microscopy, the 3-dimensional structure of an object is usually obtained in one of two ways. For objects which can be included in one specimen, as for example with elements included in freeze- dried whole mounts and examined with a high voltage microscope, stereo pairs can be obtained which exhibit the 3-D structure of the element. For objects which can not be included in one specimen, the 3-D shape is obtained by reconstruction from serial sections. However, without stereo imagery, only detail which remains constant within the thickness of the section can be used in the reconstruction; consequently, the choice is between a low resolution reconstruction using a few thick sections and a better resolution reconstruction using many thin sections, generally a tedious chore. This paper describes an approach to 3-D reconstruction which uses stereo images of serial thick sections to reconstruct an object including detail which changes within the depth of an individual thick section.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document