Pathogenesis of Middle Ear Effusions

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 63-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M. Paparella
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Physiological Studies ◽  
Clinical Problems ◽  
Middle Ear Cleft ◽  
Comprehensive Studies

Detailed morphological and physiological studies are necessary as a basis for understanding normal, near normal and abnormal conditions of the middle ear cleft. Animal and human studies are essential. Animal studies provide a means of controlling and isolating variables. Herein we describe methods of producing acute and chronic middle ear effusions in animals. An animal model has also been developed for purulent otitis media. Corollary comprehensive studies are underway in humans. A multidisciplinary effort including pathology, microbiology, immunology, histochemistry, etc., yields interesting information which helps explain the pathogenesis of these common clinical problems.

Surfactant in Middle Ear Effusions

1987 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Grace ◽  
Peter Kwok ◽  
Michael Kawke
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Phospholipid Composition ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Serous Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear Cleft

Evidence from animal studies suggests that substances that lower surface tension are present in the middle ear cleft, where they may facilitate opening of the eustachian tube. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not surface-tension-lowering substances are present in middle ear effusions. Aspirates from children and adults with secretory otitis media—both serous otitis media and mucoid otitis media—were analyzed by means of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Phospholipids, the major components of pulmonary surfactant, were present in appreciable quantities in all aspirates. Differences in total phosphate content and phospholipid composition were found when effusions from adults and children were compared.

Tympanostomy Tubes for Prevention of Purulent Otitis Media

1985 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ove Söderberg ◽  
Sten Hellström ◽  
Lars-Eric Stenfors ◽  
Magnus Thore
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Soft Palate ◽  
Serous Effusion ◽  
Individual Culture ◽  
Tympanostomy Tubes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Culture Positive

A recently developed animal model was used to study the effect of tympanostomy tubes (TTs) on the spontaneous development of purulent otitis media. in 35 rats with soft-palate clefts a TT was inserted into the right tympanic membrane. The left ear was left intact. Serous effusion occurred in the attic space within 2 days after surgery, whether or not the middle ear cavity (MEC) was artificially ventilated. Between days 7 and 21 the intact-ear MEC was gradually filled with effusion material that turned purulent. Effusion material did not develop in the mesotympanum and hypotympanum of the intubated ears. Microbiologic examination of the effusion material showed a microflora similar to that in the nasopharynx. Ventilation through a TT reduced the number of colonized MECs (4 vs. 10) on day 21. In the individual culture-positive MEC with a TT there were fewer colonies than in the corresponding ear without a TT. These results support the contention that a TT may prevent the development of purulent otitis media.

Demonstration of Nasopharyngeal and Middle Ear Mucosal Biofilms in an Animal Model of Acute Otitis Media

2009 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hoa ◽  
Mausumi Syamal ◽  
Livjot Sachdeva ◽  
Richard Berk ◽  
James Coticchia
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Acute Otitis Media

scholarly journals OSSICULAR STATUS IN CHOLESTEATOMA : A DEPARTMENTAL EXPERIENCE IN A STATE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WESTBENGAL.

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-119
Author(s):  
Somesh Mozumder ◽  
Arunabha Sengupta ◽  
Alok Ranjan Mondal ◽  
Soumik Basu
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Chronic Otitis Media ◽  
Ossicular Chain ◽  
Radiological Evaluation ◽  
Super Structure ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Middle Ear Cleft ◽  
Age And Sex

Introduction: Chronic otitis media is a long standing infection of part or whole of middle ear cleft. Its active squamosal variant (cholesteatoma) is most dangerous due to its bone eroding property. Aims & Objective: Background knowledge of ossicular status in cholesteatoma  will help us in determining the type  of reconstruction needed during the surgery. Material & methods: 60 cases of cholesteama, irrespective of age and sex [diagnosed on the basis of clinical examination , audiological and radiological evaluation] were selected during the study period of two years and their ossicular status were recorded intra-operatively. Results &  analysis: Ossicles and their parts getting involved in cholesteatoma cases , in decreasing order are : Lenticular process (in total 50 cases)>Long process of incus (in total 49 cases) > stapes super-structure(in total 29 cases) > body of incus(in total 26 cases)> head of malleus(in total 23 cases)> handle of malleus(in total 10 cases). Ossicular chain  defeact in decreasing order are : M-I-S- > M+I-S- > M-I-S+ > M+I-S+. Conclusion: In our study it was found that incus is the most vulnerable ossicle to get involved in cases of active squamosal variety of chronic otitis media where as malleus appeared to be the least susceptible one.

The Placenta: Applications in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Alexander McIntyre ◽  
Ian A. Jones ◽  
Alla Danilkovich ◽  
C. Thomas Vangsness
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Clinical Indication ◽  
Placental Cells

Background: Placenta has a long history of use for treating burns and wounds. It is a rich source of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins, tissue reparative growth factors, and stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Recent data show its therapeutic potential for orthopaedic sports medicine indications. Purpose: To provide orthopaedic surgeons with an anatomic description of the placenta, to characterize its cellular composition, and to review the literature reporting the use of placenta-derived cells and placental tissue allografts for orthopaedic sports medicine indications in animal models and in humans. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: Using a total of 63 keyword combinations, the PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched for published articles describing the use of placental cells and/or tissue for orthopaedic sports medicine indications. Information was collected on placental tissue type, indications, animal model, study design, treatment regimen, safety, and efficacy outcomes. Results were categorized by indication and subcategorized by animal model. Results: Outcomes for 29 animal studies and 6 human studies reporting the use of placenta-derived therapeutics were generally positive; however, the placental tissue source, clinical indication, and administration route were highly variable across these studies. Fourteen animal studies described the use of placental tissue for tendon injuries, 13 studies for osteoarthritis or articular cartilage injuries, 3 for ligament injuries, and 1 for synovitis. Both placenta-derived culture-expanded cells (epithelial cells or MSCs) and placental tissue allografts were used in animal studies. In all human studies, commercial placental allografts were used. Five of 6 human studies examined the treatment of foot and ankle pathological conditions, and 1 studied the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Conclusion: A review of the small number of reported studies revealed a high degree of variability in placental cell types, placental tissue preparation, routes of administration, and treatment regimens, which prohibits making any definitive conclusions. Currently, the clinical use of placenta is limited to only commercial placental tissue allografts, as there are no placenta-derived biological drugs approved for the treatment of orthopaedic sports medicine conditions in the United States. However, this review shows that the application of placental cells or tissue allografts appears to be safe and has potential to improve outcomes for orthopaedic sports medicine indications.

Biological Mediators of Inflammation in Middle Ear Effusions

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel M. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Chemotactic Factor ◽  
Mediators Of Inflammation ◽  
Tube Dysfunction ◽  
Middle Ear Cleft

Four biological mediators of inflammation have been found in middle ear effusions from patients with otitis media with effusion. They are chemotactic factor(s), macrophage inhibition factor(s), activated complement and prostaglandins. The potential role of these mediators has been discussed in relation to their potential for maintaining inflammation in the middle ear cleft after Eustachian tube dysfunction.

An Animal Model of Acute Otitis Media Consequent to β-Lactamase-Producing Nontypable Haemophilus Influenzae

1982 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 831-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Doyle ◽  
John S. Supance ◽  
Gabriel Marshak ◽  
Erdem I. Cantekin ◽  
Charles D. Bluestone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
The Right

A chinchilla model of acute otitis media with effusion consequent to β-lactamase-producing nontypable Haemophilus influenzae was developed using the method of direct inoculation of 145 colony-forming units (CFU) or 252 CFU of β-lactamase—producing nontypable H influenzae into the right superior bullae of 40 chinchillas. The course of the disease was documented longitudinally by otomicroscopy, tympanometry, and periodic culturing of the middle ears. Onset of the disease occurred in 100% of the animals between two and six days postinoculation and resolution was complete in all ears by day 36. Results of rechallenge with the same organism support the combined effect of a local and weaker systemic middle ear protective mechanism rendering resistance to reinfection with a homologous organism in the chinchilla.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Virulence of aStreptococcus pneumoniae Neuraminidase-Deficient Mutant in Nasopharyngeal Colonization and Development of Otitis Media in the Chinchilla Model

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 921-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Tong ◽  
L. E. Blue ◽  
M. A. James ◽  
T. F. DeMaria
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Parent Strain ◽  
Deficient Mutant ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Colonization ◽  
Relative Ability ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Strain Data ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
Middle Ear Cleft

ABSTRACT Considerable evidence has implicated Streptococcus pneumoniae neuraminidase in the pathogenesis of otitis media (OM); however, its exact role has not been conclusively established. Recently, an S. pneumoniae neuraminidase-deficient mutant, ΔNA1, has been constructed by insertion-duplication mutagenesis of the nanA gene of S. pneumoniae strain D39. The relative ability of ΔNA1 and the D39 parent strain to colonize the nasopharynx and to induce OM subsequent to intranasal inoculation and to survive in the middle ear cleft after direct challenge of the middle ear were evaluated in the chinchilla model. Nasopharyngeal colonization data indicate a significant difference in the ability of the ΔNA1 mutant to colonize as well as to persist in the nasopharynx. The neuraminidase-deficient mutant was eliminated from the nasopharynx 2 weeks earlier than the D39 parent strain. Both the parent and the mutant exhibited similar virulence levels and kinetics during the first week after direct inoculation of the middle ear. The ΔNA1 neuraminidase-deficient mutant, however, was then completely eliminated from the middle ear by day 10 postchallenge, 11 days before the D39 parent strain. Data from this study indicate that products of thenanA gene have an impact on the ability of S. pneumoniae to colonize and persist in the nasopharynx as well as the middle ear.

Cytokeratin Patterns of Normal Middle Ear Epithelia in Humans, Cats, and Chinchillas

1994 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-Ichi Sano ◽  
Shin-Ichi Haruna ◽  
Patricia A. Schachern ◽  
Michael M. Paparella
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Tracheal Epithelium ◽  
Mastoid Cavity ◽  
Tympanic Cavity ◽  
External Canal ◽  
Middle Ear Cleft

We describe the cytokeratin patterns of epithelia from the tympanic orifice, tympanic cavity, and mastoid cavity of humans, cats, and chinchillas, and compare these findings with those of tracheal epithelium and external canal epidermis. Our findings are as follows: 1) middle ear epithelium from all locations demonstrates some type of cytokeratin staining, 2) broad-spectrum cytokeratin antibodies stain epithelia of middle ear cleft, tracheal epithelium, and external canal epidermis in all species, 3) specific cytokeratin antibodies reveal species-related differences in middle ear and tracheal epithelia, 4) middle ear and tracheal epithelia usually have the same pattern, and 5) none of the monospecific cytokeratin antibodies have a positive reaction with external canal epidermis. These findings suggest that the cytokeratin patterns of middle ear epithelium are useful in studying the hyperplastic and metaplastic changes in otitis media; however, caution must be exercised when making interspecies comparisons.

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