Fine Structures of the Normal Mucosa in Developing Rat Middle Ear

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (5_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichi Maeda ◽  
Goro Mogi ◽  
Motow Oh
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Normal Mucosa ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Fine Structures ◽  
Developing Rat ◽  
Fetal Stage

Forty-two fetal and 90 developing young rats were studied electron microscopically to obtain a normal cellular distribution pattern of middle ear mucosa. The results showed that while ciliated columnar or cuboidal cells interspersed with secretory cells were predominantly distributed around the tympanic orifice and transitional zone, cuboidal or squamous nonciliated cells without secretory granules were numerous in the remaining part of the bulla. Development of ciliated cells started at the 17th or 18th fetal day, paralleling that of secretory cells. The number of ciliated and secretory cells increased rapidly after birth. Glands were not found in the osseous tube, tympanic orifice, or other portions of the middle ear cavity in fetal, newborn, or suckling rats, while they are abundant in the cartilaginous portion of the tube. The findings of this study indicate that both secretory and ciliated cells are normal components of middle ear mucosa although these cells are restricted to the tympanic orifice and transitional zone, and that the mucociliary defense system starts to develop during the fetal stage.

Ultrastructure of the Middle Ear Mucosa

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Hentzer
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Loose Connective Tissue ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Subepithelial Layer

Histologic studies of recent years have definitely concluded that the epithelium of the middle ear is a modified respiratory epithelium with ciliated and secretory cells, including goblet cells. These cells, like the ciliated cells, are developd from the basal cell and are just ordinary secretory cells completely filled with secretory granules. For different reasons it is postulated, that the dark secretory granules are prestages of the actual secretory product presenting as light granules and that dark and light granules do not represent different secretory capacities of the cell. The subepithelial layer which consists of loose connective tissue is a structure of just as great importance as the epithelial layer.

Regenerated Middle Ear Mucosa after Tympanoplasty. Part I. Transmission Electron Microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Gamoletti ◽  
Paola Poggi ◽  
Mario Sanna ◽  
Carlo Zini
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Canal Wall ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Morphologic Characteristics ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ultrastructural Appearance

The ultrastructural appearance of the regenerated middle ear mucosa—found at the second operation of staged intact canal wall tympanoplasty (ICWT) with mastoidectomy—has been evaluated with the transmission electron microscope. The regenerated epithelium showed all the morphologic characteristics of the normal middle ear mucosa: ciliated cells, noncillated cells, and secretory cells. All of these (Including goblet cells) have been found in the specimens. It is concluded that a normal middle ear mucosa regenerates to cover all denuded bone surfaces after the first operation of staged ICWT with mastoidectomy, when silicone rubber sheeting has been used to prevent adhesions and maintain an air-containing middle ear space.

scholarly journals Epitympanic Diaphragm: Endoscopic Functional Tympanoplasty

2018 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 023-028
Author(s):  
Sreerama Boddepalli ◽  
Rajesh Boddepalli
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Normal Mucosa ◽  
Tympanic Membrane Perforation ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Tympanic Membrane Perforations ◽  
Membrane Perforation ◽  
Middle Ear Cleft

Abstract Background Simple closure of tympanic membrane perforation is not a successful myringoplasty. It has to obey a lot of functional aspects of the middle ear cleft. Certain factors play a role in failure cases. The endoscopic functional myringoplasty or tympanoplasty is a clear visualization of all the parts of the middle ear; examination and removal of the disease from the hidden parts of the middle ear, examination of inter-attico-tympanic diaphragm; and removal of blocks, if any, in isthmus, to reestablish the gas exchange pathways and finally preserve the middle ear mucosa at maximum to further restore the ventilation. Methods Endoscopic tympanoplasty was performed in 100 patients with large tympanic membrane perforations and patent eustachian tube, using 4-mm “0” and “45” degree endoscopes by proper visualization of the tympanic diaphragm and isthmus in every patient and clearing its blockage if present. Results Among the 100 patients, 78 had epitympanic diaphragm blockage at the level of isthmus, 5 patients were found with closed tensor tympani folds, both vertical and horizontal without any ventilatory routes in them. Although in all the patients the eustachian tube was patent, we found majority of them had a dysventilation at the level of the epitympanic diaphragm. Thus, by performing endoscopic ventilatory pathway clearance and tympanoplasty, we achieved 94% positive results. Conclusion Epitympanic diaphragm is a functional barrier between upper and lower compartments of the middle ear cleft, which play important role in the ventilation and partial pressure regulation, blockage of its isthmus may lead to tympanic membrane retractions and perforations. With the aid of endoscopes of various degrees, removing any pathological blocks, recreating proper ventilation, reestablishing gas exchange mechanism, and maximum preservation of normal mucosa for the gas exchange are the aims of an endoscopic functional tympanoplasty procedure.

Regenerated Middle Ear Mucosa after Tympanoplasty. Part II. Scanning Electron Microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Gamoletti ◽  
Paolo Lanzarini ◽  
Mario Sanna ◽  
Carlo Zini
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Secretory Material ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Ultrastructural Appearance ◽  
Scanning Electron

The ultrastructural appearance of the regenerated middle ear epithelium, found at the second operation of staged ICWT with mastoidectomy, has been investigated herein with the scanning electron microscope. The regenerated epithelium consists of flat nonciliated cells, “elevated” nonciliated cells with microvilli, and ciliated cells. Secretory material is present on the surface of the “elevated” nonciliated cells surrounding the ciliated ones. Regeneration of the mucosa occurs following precise topographic differences that mimic the distribution of epithelial cells in the normal middle ear. It is confirmed that a morphologically normal middle ear epithelium regenerates to cover all denuded bone surfaces within 12 months—after first stage ICWT with mastoidectomy—when silicone rubber sheeting has been used to maintain an aerated middle ear and mastoid space.

Secretory Lysozyme of the Human Middle Ear Mucosa: Immunocytochemical Localization

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Lim ◽  
Yea S. Liu ◽  
Herbert Birck
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Immunocytochemical Localization ◽  
Biochemical Finding ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Specific Granules ◽  
Neutrophilic Leukocytes ◽  
Morphological Finding ◽  
Human Middle Ear ◽  
Serous Otitis Media

Lysozyme was demonstrated by an immunocytochemical technique in the biopsied mucosa obtained from the promontory of the fifteen patients who had chronic middle ear effusions. Lysozyme was localized in the mucigen granules of the secretory cells, as well as in the specific granules of the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) and macrophages. The specimens obtained from patients with mucous effusions showed numerous secretory cells that contained lysozyme, in sharp contrast to the serous type in which only a few secretory cells could be found. The present morphological finding was in agreement with the biochemical finding which demonstrated higher lysozyme level in mucous effusions than that of the serous type. It was concluded that human middle ear mucosa provided lysozyme and that its secretion was active in serous otitis media, particularly of mucoid type.

Functional Morphology of the Lining Membrane of the Middle Ear and Eustachian Tube

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (11_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa

A large part of normal middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube is provided with a mucociliary transportation system which is considered the first line of defense of the middle ear. Secretory cells of the normal mucosa of the middle ear and the tube can be classified into three main types: mucous, mixed and dark granulated (or serous). This may mean that the secreta of the mucosa is biochemically diverse and/or in a dynamic state. The presence of immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells (IgA, IgG and IgM) and macrophages in the Eustachian tube and the middle ear mucosa supports the concept that the middle ear is protected by an immunologic defense system. Normal mucosal epithelial cells of the middle ear and the tube possess the ability to transport macromolecules by intact epithelial cells toward connective tissue layer where the macromolecules are either phagocytized by histiocytes or enter into capillary system. The macrophages of regional lymph nodes also picked up the macromolecules. Demonstration of lamellar substances similar to phospholipids in the secreta of the tube and middle ear mucosa of the guinea pig suggests the presence of auditory surface-active agent(s) (surfactant). Close association between secretory cells of the mucosa and acid phosphatase is demonstrated by cytochemical method. It is suggested that secretory enzymes such as lysozyme and acid phosphatase may be either produced or transported by secretory cells of the middle ear mucosa. These enzyme secretions are considered a part of the enzymatic defense system of the middle ear.

Effect of S-Carboxymethylcysteine on the Clearance of Middle Ear Effusion

1994 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumihiko Hori ◽  
Hideyuki Kawauchi ◽  
Goro Mogi
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Autoradiographic Study ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Ear Effusion

The therapeutic effect of S-carboxymethylcysteine (S-CMC) on otitis media with effusion was investigated by use of immune-mediated otitis media with effusion (OME) induced in chinchillas. The S-CMC was administered daily to individuals in two different doses (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) for 2 weeks after the induction of immune-mediated otitis media. The severity of OME was evaluated by observation of the tympanic membrane under a surgical microscope, by tympanogram, and by histologic findings of the middle ear mucosa. Results of the study showed that the oral administration of S-CMC at a dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight is more effective than at a dose of 100 mg/kg in the clearance of middle ear effusions in experimental OME. An autoradiographic study using 14C-S-CMC revealed that orally administered S-CMC is rapidly absorbed by the digestive tract and transported to the tubotympanum via the circulation. The uptake and excretion by secretory cells were apparently greater in activated secretory cells. However, S-CMC does not act on the infiltrating cells to prevent the release of chemical mediators such as histamine and prostaglandin E2. This finding suggests that prophylactic use of S-CMC may not be anticipated.

Epithelial Changes in or of the Middle Ear Mucoperiosteum

1980 ◽  
Vol 89 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 236-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isao Kowata ◽  
Yoshihiro Shibahara ◽  
Jun Wada ◽  
Yasuo Kaku ◽  
Kazutomo Kawamoto
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Myoepithelial Cells ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Additional Experiment ◽  
Protein Solution ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Histochemical Observation ◽  
Pseudostratified Epithelium ◽  
Columnar Metaplasia ◽  
Epithelial Change

In this study the time necessary for the increase of the secretory cells in the middle ear mucosa was investigated by EM and SEM and by histochemical observation of the secretory cells. The first experiment revealed that a minimum of six to seven days was required for the renewal of the columnar cytoarchitecture after the exposure to silver protein solution. In the next experiment 35 guinea pigs were subjected to tubal obstruction. Columnar metaplasia was found in one case sacrificed after the third month, and gland formations without myoepithelial cells and nerve endings were seen in those after the fourth month. In an additional experiment, since the frontal sinus of the dogs is simple and pneumatized, duct obstruction was performed. Slight epithelial change and accumulation of glue-like thick mucus, which was negative in culture, was found in all four cases after three months. In one of the two cases with obstruction for four months, typical exophthalmus in the pseudostratified epithelium with an increase in secretory cells or cuboidal epithelium with nonciliated cells was demonstrated.

Acute Effects of Irradiation on Middle Ear Mucosa

1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Ohashi ◽  
Hiroshi Ikeoka ◽  
Yoshiaki Nakai ◽  
Hiroyuki Koshimo ◽  
Yusuke Esaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Irradiation Dose ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Epithelial Structure ◽  
Single Field

Single field, fixed irradiation of bilateral tympanic cavities using 200-kV x-rays was administered to five guinea pigs. The irradiation dose was 30 Gy. They were killed immediately after irradiation, and bilateral middle ear mucosa was examined for ciliary activity and epithelial structure. Significant deterioration of the ciliary activity in the middle ear mucosa was observed, proximal as well as distal to the eustachian tube. Electron microscopy showed various changes in the irradiated middle ear mucosa. The most conspicuous findings were hyperreactivity in secretion, vacuolation of ciliated cells, and stomal edema.

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