Otosclerotic Stapes: Morphological and Microchemical Correlates

1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Lim ◽  
William H. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Mineral Deposit ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Typical Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Sclerotic Lesions ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

A total of 32 otosclerotic stapes is thin-sectioned without decalcification and examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopes, with a nondispersive x-ray analyzer attached to the latter. These otosclerotic stapes are classified as spongiotic, sclerotic, or preotosclerotic, according to their pathologic characteristics and state of mineralization. Either diffuse or patchy demineralization in the ground substance appears to be the initial stage of otosclerosis, and this area coincides with preotosclerotic lesions (also known as blue mantle) in light microscopy. Therefore, it is interpreted that demineralization precedes the destruction of ground substance in the preotosclerotic lesion. Bone mineral deposits in new otosclerotic bone appear to be related to the collagen fibrils that are embedded in the ground substance. No mineral deposit could be seen without the ground substance deposition; therefore, it is suggested that this ground substance is the single most important factor in the poor mineralization of the otosclerosis. The sclerotic lesions are well mineralized and show a typical pattern of hydroxyapatite by x-ray diffraction study. We could not confirm the notion that the sclerotic lesion is hypermineralized as compared to the normal stapes. The spongiotic lesions are poorly mineralized, with low calcium salt. Using the Ca/P ratio and x-ray diffraction pattern as criteria, it was determined that spongiotic lesions belong to unstable, immature bone.

Analysis on Microstructure of Laser Brazing Diamond Grits with a Ni-Based Filler Alloy

2010 ◽  
Vol 97-101 ◽  
pp. 3879-3883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Bo Yang ◽  
Jiu Hua Xu ◽  
Ai Ju Liu
Keyword(s):  
Active Element ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Parameters Optimization ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Filler Alloy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cross Diffusion ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

Brazing diamond grits onto steel substrate using a Ni-based filler alloy was carried out via laser beam in an argon atmosphere. The microstructure of the interfacial region among the Diamond grits and the filler layer were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopes (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Meanwhile, the formation mechanism of carbide layers was discussed. All the results indicated that the active element chromium in the Ni-based alloy concentrated preferentially to the surface of the grits to form a chromium-rich layer, and the hard joint between the alloy and the steel substrate is established through a cross-diffusion of iron and Ni-based alloy through parameters optimization.

Laser Welding of AISI 316 Steel: Microstructural and Stress Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Yilbas ◽  
Sohail Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Element Model ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Thermal Stress Field ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Aisi 316 ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

Thermal-stress field in the welded region was modeled incorporating the finite element model. Temperature and stress fields were predicted at different cooling periods. The morphological and metallurgical changes in the welded region were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopes, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The residual stress formed at the surface vicinity of the weld was determined using the X-ray diffraction technique. It was found that the residual stress predicted agreed well with the experimental data. The solidification cracking did not occur in the weld section during the cooling period. The microhardness in the weld cross-section was almost 1.4 times the base material hardness.

scholarly journals Preparation and properties of nanocrystalline Ni/graphene composite coatings deposited by electrochemical method

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Cieślak ◽  
Maria Trzaska
Keyword(s):  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Composite Coatings ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Dispersion Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphene Layers ◽  
Nano Crystalline ◽  
Graphene Flakes ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

Abstract The paper presents results of studies of composite nickel/graphene coatings produced by electrodeposition method on a steel substrate. The method of producing composite coatings with nanocrystalline nickel matrix and dispersion phase in the form of graphene is presented. For comparative purposes, the study also includes nano-crystalline Ni coatings produced by electrochemical reduction without built-in graphene flakes. Graphene was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Results of studies on the structure and morphology of Ni and Ni/graphene layers produced in a bath containing different amounts of graphene are presented. Material of the coatings was characterized by SEM, light microscopy, X-ray diffraction. The microhardness of the coatings was examined by Knoop measurements. The adhesion of the coatings with the substrate was tested using a scratchtester. The influence of graphene on the structure and properties of composite coatings deposited from a bath with different graphene contents was determined.

Failure Analysis of the Pressure Vessel by Stainless Steel: 1Cr18Ni9Ti

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junbo Zhou ◽  
Kuisheng Wang ◽  
Liping Gao
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Corrosion Failure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes ◽  
Welding Position

The corrosion failure of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel pressure vessel was studied with the aid of metallurgical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, scanning Auger energy spectra and X-ray diffraction meters. The main causes of the failure included: inter-crystalline corrosion initiated at or near welding position between head and body of cylinder, electrochemical corrosion due to chloride ions in electrolyte and corrosive action formed by oxygen separator and hydrogen separator. Some measures of corrosion resistance and design improvement were proposed.

Laser Brazing of Diamond Grits with a Ni-Based Brazing Alloy

2007 ◽  
Vol 359-360 ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Bo Yang ◽  
Jiu Hua Xu ◽  
Yu Can Fu ◽  
Hong Jun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Active Element ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Laser Brazing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cross Diffusion ◽  
Filler Layer ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

Brazing diamond grits onto steel substrate using a Ni-based filler alloy was carried out by laser beam in an argon atmosphere. The microstructure of the interfacial region among the Diamond grits, the filler layer and the steel substrate, were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopes (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Meanwhile, the formation mechanism of carbide layers was discussed. All the results indicated that the active element chromium in the Ni-based alloy concentrated preferentially to the surface of the grits to form a chromium-rich layer, and the hard joint between the alloy and the steel substrate is established through a cross-diffusion of iron and Ni-based alloy.

scholarly journals The Scanning Electron Microscope As A Precision Instrument

1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Douglas Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Gratings ◽  
Stray Field ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Precision Instrument ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes ◽  
The University ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Scanning Electron

I began using scanning electron microscopes to solve problems encountered in the fabrication of x-ray diffraction gratings. Since these diffraction gratings consist of very regular lines and spaces, and produce high contrast images from the SEM. my microscopy work often points out problems with the microscope.One time, for example, I went to the university SEM lab I often use, and was advised that the microscope was down that day due to major field problems. This lab often had problems with stray fields for reasons no one could explain. Usually I was the only one to complain about stray field distortions since they are most obvious when imaging straight lines at high magnification, but on this occasion, the problem was serious and obvious to all.The microscope had just been serviced and as the lens coils had been replaced, they were expected to be the cause. The service technician was called in and determined that neither the coils nor the microscope electronics were the problem.

Synthesizing of Zeolite Particle Using Alkaline Plant Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tijjani Abdullahi ◽  
◽  
Zawati Harun ◽  
Norsuhailizah Sazali ◽  
Nur Hanis Hayati Hairom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extract ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Zeolite Particle ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Good Grade ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

The study explored the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite using kaolin clay precursor in the presence of three different solvents namely, garlic extract, watermelon extract and 2M NaOH solution, with the view of testing their efficacy and potency for green synthesis. Before the zeolitization, the kaolin precursor was activated at a temperature of 850°C to produce metakaolin. The crystallization was achieved in an oven at a temperature of 90°C for 12 hours. The final product is grounded to a fine powder and subsequently undergo testing and characterization via X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes (FESEM) methods. The purity and grade of the synthesized products vary accordingly with the suitability of the reaction solvent. The synthesized product using a solvent of watermelon plant extract was able to produce zeolite LTA of a good grade. However, the presence of secondary phases informed the effect of the accompanied impurities that might originate from the kaolin precursor or the solvent. The result also portrays the possibility of obtaining a well crystalline zeolite from the Malaysian kaolin without using any structural directing agent or chemical solvents.

Alcohol Interchange Synthesis of a Novel Titanium Glycolate

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 638-641
Author(s):  
Guo Liang Shen ◽  
Gui Ling Ning
Keyword(s):  
Tetraethyl Orthosilicate ◽  
Thermal Gravimetric ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Straightforward Method ◽  
Dta Analysis ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes ◽  
Titanium Glycolate

A much simpler and more straightforward method, alcohol interchange for the synthesis of titanium glycolate has been suggested. The method implied the reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate with ethylene glycol on heating in air. The thermal property of titanium glycolate was characterized by thermal gravimetric (TG) and Differencial Thermal Analysis (DTA) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm the conversion of crystalline phase of titanium glycolate from anatase to rutile. The characterization of titanium glycolate and products of its pyrolysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopes.

scholarly journals X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis of waste sulfur modification for use in concretes

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
Nataša Đorđević ◽  
Milica Vlahović ◽  
Sanja Martinović ◽  
Mladen Bugarčić ◽  
Slavica Mihajlović
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Organic Additive ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Refining Process ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes ◽  
Sulfur Modification

Secondary sulfur obtained as a by-product in the oil refining process is a major problem as an environmental pollutant. One of the possibilities of environmental protection is the use of sulfur obtained in this way as a component of sulfur concrete. Mixing of sulfur with suitable additives can provide longer working lifetime of sulfur concrete, as well as maintenance of the former physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of concrete. Such mixtures are usually called modified sulfur or sulfur cement. Secondary sulfur produced in the oil refining process by the Klaus process (approval of crude oil) cannot be used in this form. In order to be ready for the use of sulfur concrete and asphalt, it is necessary to modify elemental sulfur from cyclic to chain form, obtaining of modified sulfur whose application is as a binding agent in a concrete instead of portland cement is described in this paper. Influence of dicyclopentadien, an organic additive, on sulfur modification has been studied in this research. Microstructure and mineral analysis of modified and unmodified sulfur cement binding are performed using polarized and scanning electron microscopes and X-ray diffraction spectrometer.

Experimental Research on Laser Brazing of Diamond Grits with a Ni-Based Filler Alloy

2009 ◽  
Vol 416 ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Bo Yang ◽  
Ai Ju Liu ◽  
Jiu Hua Xu
Keyword(s):  
Active Element ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Parameters Optimization ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Filler Alloy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cross Diffusion ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

Brazing diamond grits onto steel substrate using a Ni-based filler alloy was carried out via laser beam in an argon atmosphere. The microstructure of the interfacial region among the Diamond grits and the filler layer were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopes (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Meanwhile, the formation mechanism of carbide layers was discussed. All the results indicated that the active element chromium in the Ni-based alloy concentrated preferentially to the surface of the grits to form a chromium-rich layer, and the hard joint between the alloy and the steel substrate is established through a cross-diffusion of iron and Ni-based alloy through parameters optimization.

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