Biochemical Study of Protease Inhibitors in Normal Chinchilla Middle Ear

1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiyoshi Hamaguchi ◽  
Steven K. Juhn ◽  
Yasuo Sakakura
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitors ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Α2 Macroglobulin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Antitryptic Activity

Protein concentration and inhibitory capacity of both α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) and α2-macroglobulin (α2-M) were measured in plasma and middle ear bulla (MEB) washings of chinchillas by use of specific antisera against chinchilla α1-AT and α2-M. Low molecular weight (LMW) trypsin inhibitor also was analyzed in MEB washings. Chinchilla α2-M showed a common antigenicity with human α2-M. The mean value of α1-AT in chinchilla plasma was 412.0 ± 87.8 and that of α2-M was 435.0 ± 117.1 mg/dL. There was a significant relationship between α-AT level and antitryptic activity, and between α2-M level and trypsin binding activity in plasma. The majority of α1-AT and α2-M in plasma is present as free inhibitors unsaturated with proteases. The MEB washings had significant antitryptic activity, which is attributed to both α1-AT and LMW trypsin inhibitors. Inhibitory functions of α1-AT and LMW trypsin inhibitors appear to play an important role in the defense of the normal middle ear mucosa.

Protease Inhibitors in Middle Ear Effusions from Experimental Otitis Media with Effusion: Kinetics of α1-Antitrypsin and α2-Macroglobulin Levels

1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiyoshi Hamaguchi ◽  
Steven K. Juhn ◽  
Yasuo Sakakura
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Functional Assays ◽  
Α2 Macroglobulin ◽  
Alpha 1 Antitrypsin ◽  
Serous Otitis Media ◽  
Kinetics Of

Alpha 1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) and alpha 2-macroglobulin (α2-M) were measured by both immunochemical and functional assays in paired plasma and middle ear effusions (MEEs) from experimental otitis media models (serous otitis media [SOM], purulent otitis media [POM], and SOM + POM). The MEE/plasma ratio of α1-AT in SOM was significantly higher than that in POM (p< .01) because of the high α1-AT level in POM plasma. The ratio of both antitryptic activity and trypsin-binding activity in POM was significantly higher than that in SOM + POM (p< .01, < .05), and significantly lower than that in SOM (p< .01). The majority of both inhibitors in SOM exist as the free state, and the reaction between proteases and inhibitors in POM and SOM + POM is more active than that in SOM. It is concluded that both α1-AT and α2-M appear to play an important role in the protection of middle ear mucosa by forming protease-inhibitor complexes to reduce proteolytic damage in POM and SOM + POM models.

scholarly journals Lactoferrin in Human Milk of Prolonged Lactation

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Czosnykowska-Łukacka ◽  
Orczyk-Pawiłowicz ◽  
Broers ◽  
Królak-Olejnik
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year

Among the immunologically important bioactive factors present in human milk, lactoferrin (Lf) has emerged as a key player with wide-ranging features that directly and indirectly protect the neonate against infection caused by a variety of pathogens. The concentration of Lf in human milk is lactation-stage related; colostrum contains more than 5 g/L, which then significantly decreases to 2–3 g/L in mature milk. The milk of mothers who are breastfeeding for more than one year is of a standard value, containing macronutrients in a composition similar to that of human milk at later stages. The aim of this study was to evaluate lactoferrin concentration in prolonged lactation from the first to the 48th month postpartum. Lactating women (n = 120) up to 48 months postpartum were recruited to the study. The mean value of lactoferrin concentration was the lowest in the group of 1–12 months of lactation (3.39 ± 1.43 g/L), significantly increasing in the 13–18 months group (5.55 ± 4.00 g/L; p < 0.006), and remaining at a comparable level in the groups of 19–24 month and over 24 months (5.02 ± 2.97 and 4.90 ± 3.18 g/L, respectively). The concentration of lactoferrin in mother’s milk also showed a positive correlation with protein concentration over lactation from the first to the 48th month (r = 0.3374; p = 0.0002). Our results demonstrate the high immunology potential of human milk during prolonged lactation and that Lf concentration is close to the Lf concentration in colostrum. Evidence of stable or rising immunoprotein levels during prolonged lactation provides an argument for foregoing weaning; however, breastfeeding must be combined with solid foods meet the new requirements of a rapidly growing six-month or older baby.

Behavior of Antithrombin III, Determined as Protein Concentration and Biologic Activity, in Subjects with Neoplastic Disease

1982 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Pengo ◽  
Cosimo Guerra ◽  
Giuseppe Cartei ◽  
Mario Fiorentino
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Biologic Activity ◽  
At Iii ◽  
Coagulation Proteins ◽  
The Mean

Antithrombin III (AT III), the primary inhibitor of plasma protease coagulation proteins, was evaluated in groups of patients with different neoplastic disease. When compared with that of 25 healthy subjects, the mean value of AT III biologic activity was elevated in all groups, significantly in gastrointestinal (p < 0.02) and lung (p < 0.001) tumors, lymphoma (p < 0.02) and in the group with various primary cancers (p < 0.05). No difference was found between 46 patients tested under chemoradiotherapy and 216 patients who had not undergone therapy for at least 1 month. Four patients with clinical thrombosis had normal AT III biologic activity. Of the 262 patients studied, 14 had low AT III biologic activity without clinical thrombosis and normal protein concentration. In 71 patients (27%) an excess of immunoassayable protein of 20% or more over biologic activity was found. Double immunoelectrophoresis performed in 5 of these showed for 3 patients an enlarged second arc of precipitation. Moreover, no correlation was observed between the activity and protein AT III concentration (r = 0.05). The likelihood of the presence of circulating AT III-protease complexes is discussed.

Reference values for fructosamine concentrations in children's sera: influence of protein concentration, age, and sex.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2444-2447 ◽  
Author(s):  
J De Schepper ◽  
M P Derde ◽  
P Goubert ◽  
F Gorus
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Age Dependency ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Glycated Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract Fructosamine and protein (total and fractionated) were measured in the serum of 170 normal children, ages two weeks to 15 years. The mean fructosamine concentration was 2.12 mmol/L, 5% lower than the mean value observed for adults. We observed no sex-related difference in fructosamine values, but saw a pronounced age dependency of reference values. For children younger than three years, the mean concentration of fructosamine was 15% lower than in adults, but glycated protein concentrations increased with age, reaching essentially adult values by age six years. Expressing fructosamine concentrations per gram of serum total protein or of albumin weakened the influence of age, but did not eliminate it completely. We report reference intervals for fructosamine concentrations in children's sera.

Artificial pulmonary surfactant inhibited by proteins

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Fuchimukai ◽  
T. Fujiwara ◽  
A. Takahashi ◽  
G. Enhorning
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Serum Protein ◽  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Surfactant Preparation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Potential Inhibitors ◽  
Dose Dependent

With a pulsating bubble surfactometer we assessed the ability of various agents, fibrinogen, human serum, albumin, and a 55,000-dalton serum protein, to interfere with the surface activity of Surfactant TA. From a highest final protein concentration of 4 mg/ml the potential inhibitors were diluted down to 0.125 mg/ml in six steps, and each concentration was evaluated together with two final phospholipid concentrations, 6.25 and 1.25 mg/ml, of the surfactant preparation. The strongest inhibiting action was exerted by fibrinogen, followed by human serum and the 55,000-dalton serum protein; the weakest inhibitor was albumin. Bilirubin, when added in an amount of 1.73 mg/100 ml dissolved in human serum, significantly (P less than 0.001) augmented the inhibition over that exerted by human serum alone. Adsorption rate, as reflected in the mean value of surface tension 2 and 10 s after creation of a bubble, not pulsating, was seriously affected by each of the protein-containing inhibitors in concentrations exceeding 1 mg/ml. Surface tension was raised significantly when the pulsating bubble was at maximal and minimal size. The effect was dose dependent. At maximal size it showed no tendency to disappear during the 10-min recording, but at minimal bubble size the inhibition gradually diminished. We conclude that proteins present in the airways may seriously interfere with the activity of Surfactant TA.

CHARACTERIZATION OF SERUM PROSTACYCLIN BINDING DEFECTS IN THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (TTP)

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Wu ◽  
C Manner ◽  
A Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Serial Serum ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wall Interaction

To understand further the pathophysiologic significance of PGI2 binding defects in TTP, we measured serum PGI2 binding activity in 12 TTP patients and matched controls. Serum binding of PGI2 was measured by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration. The mean binding activity in 33 healthy subjects ages 20-40 years was 39.9 ± S.D 4.4%. The mean value of TTP (n=12) was significantly lower (26.2 ± 4.1, P <0.01). Serum from 5 severe ITP, 5 DIC and 5 thrombocythemia exhibited normal binding ctivity. To determine the binding kinetics we utilized 3H-iloprost in a gel filtration method described by Hirose and Kano (Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 751:376, 1971). To 50 mg of Sephadex G-50, 0.435 ml of 50mM Tris buffer (pH 7.4) was added. After swelling of the gel was completed 0.195 ml of the buffer solution containing serum and 3H-iloprost was added. The sample was mixed and the protein and ligand concentration was determined. The computer fitting of the binding isotherm according to the originally proposed equation yielded a binding curve consistent with a single class of binding sites. The Kd value of normal serum was 70 μM and the B 48 nmol/ml. Acute TTP serum exhibited a reduced bindingXaffinity (Kd 236 μM) and a slightly elevated capacity (Bmax 85 nmols/ml). The binding parameters improved following successful treatment but the Kd remained subnormal (120 μM). These data indicate that reduced PGI2 binding activity is due to lower affinity of the PGI2 binding proteins. The relationship between defective PGI2 binding activity and PGI2 production was then evaluated. Serial serum and 24 hour urine were collected. Urinary samples were extracted and their 6-Keto-PGF1α (6KP) and thromboxane TXB2 levels were measured by RIA. TTP patients in remission had normal levels of urinary 6KP and TXB2 while urinary 6KP and TXB2 were elevated in relapsing TTP. Defective binding was noted when relapse began to occur while elevated 6KP and TXB2 were noted 48 hrs later. Both 6KP and TXB2 were normalized when the disease was controlled. Our findings indicate that defective PGI2 binding plays an important role in causing excessive platelet activation and platelet-vessel wall interaction in TTP.

Proteases and Protease Inhibitors in Immune Complex Otitis Media in Chinchillas

1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiyoshi Hamaguchi ◽  
Tetsuo Morizono ◽  
Steven K. Juhn ◽  
Yasuo Sakakura
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Immune Complex ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
Steroid Treatment ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Middle Ear Fluid ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Α2 Macroglobulin

Using an immune complex–induced (IC) otitis media model in chinchillas sensitized with human serum albumin (HSA), we measured the levels of protease activity, protease inhibitors, and HSA in the middle ear fluid (MEF). The effect of a corticosteroid agent (triamcinolone) on the degree of IC otitis media also was studied. The levels of protease inhibitors α1-antitrypsin and α2-macroglobulin in the MEF were significantly higher than in nonsensitized animals. Fibrinolytic (plasminogen activator [PA]) activity was detected in the MEF; however, only a small level of activity of nonspecific proteases was detected because of the significant level of antitryptic activity in the MEF. The levels of protease inhibitors and PA activity were significantly reduced by the steroid treatment. It is concluded that protease inhibitors play an important role in the protection of the middle ear mucosa and that corticosteroid treatment can reduce the severity of IC otitis media.

Secretory Otitis Media: Protein and Enzyme Analyses

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (11_suppl) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Palva ◽  
V. Raunio ◽  
R. Nousianen
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Secretory Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Protein Components

Analysis of 69 mucus middle ear fluids of cases of secretory otitis media showed that the total protein concentration and LD, MD and acid phosphatase activity were all significantly higher than in serum. Alkaline phosphatase activity was similar in middle ear fluids and serum whereas esterase activity in serum was significantly higher than in middle ear fluids. Isoenzyme analyses showed different patterns for LD and MD in the ear fluids and serum and a tissue esterase fraction appeared only in the ear fluids. On Sephadex® G 200 chromatographic analysis the ear fluids were shown to consist of increased amounts of macromolecular proteins. These data prove that the middle ear mucosa secretes some of the protein components of the ear fluid. Early paracentesis and removal of adenoids are recommended in acute otitis media to prevent the development of secretory otitis media.

Measuring Middle Ear Admittance in Newborns Using 1000 Hz Tympanometry: A Comparison of Methodologies

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (09) ◽  
pp. 739-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Kei ◽  
Rafidah Mazlan ◽  
Louise Hickson ◽  
John Gavranich ◽  
Ron Linning
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Term Newborns ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Compensation Approach ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

The present study aimed to compare three measures to estimate middle ear admittance in neonates using 1000 Hz tympanometry. Data were obtained from 36 full-term newborns, aged between 24 and 123 hours, who passed a transient evoked otoacoustic emissions test and assessed using a Madsen Otoflex impedance meter. The results showed that the mean middle ear admittances obtained by compensating for the susceptance and conductance components at a pressure of 200 daPa and -400 daPa (YCC200 = 1.00 mmho and YCC-400 = 1.24 mmho, respectively) were significantly greater than that using the traditional baseline compensation method (YBC = 0.65 mmho). Although YCC-400 has attained the highest mean value, it has the lowest test-retest reliability. Hence, the component compensation approach compensated at 200 daPa holds promise as an alternative method for estimating middle ear admittance in neonates. Further research to evaluate its test performance using clinical decision theory is required to determine its clinical significance. El presente estudio buscó comparar tres medidas de estimar la admitancia del oído medio en neonatos, utilizando timpanometría de 1000 Hz. Los datos fueron obtenidos de 36 recién nacidos de término, con edades entre las 24 y 123 horas, quienes superaron una prueba de emisiones otoacústicas evocadas por transitorios y evaluados por medio de un impedanciómetro Madsen Otoflex. Los resultados demostraron que las admitancias medias del oído medio, obtenidas por compensación para los componentes de susceptancia y conductancia a la presión de 200 daPa y a – 400 daPa (YCC200 = 1.00 mmho y YCC-400 = 1.24 mmho, respectivamente) fueron significativamente mayores que aquellas que utilizan el método tradicional de compensación basal (YBC = 0.65 mmho). Aunque YCC-400 ha obtenido los valores medios más altos, tienen la menor confiabilidad test-retest. Por lo tanto, el enfoque de compensación por componentes, compensado a 200 daPa, luce promisorio como un método alternativo para estimar la admitancia del oído medio en neonatos. Investigaciones adicionales para evaluar su desempeño usando teoría de decisión clínica se requieren para determinar su significancia clínica.

Sinonasal symptoms in adults with ear disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
B-S Yin ◽  
M S Miah ◽  
S S M Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Ear Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Disease ◽  
Tube Dysfunction ◽  
Middle Ear Disease ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ear Effusion ◽  
Sinonasal Symptoms

AbstractBackground:The association between eustachian tube dysfunction and middle-ear effusion is well established. Studies have also demonstrated pathological changes affecting the middle-ear mucosa associated with chronic sinonasal inflammation. No previous studies have evaluated symptoms related to sinonasal inflammatory disease in different ear diseases.Objective:To assess the presence of sinonasal symptoms in ear diseases using the Dundee Rhinogram.Methods:Data were collected prospectively in the period February–October 2011. Sinonasal symptoms were graded using the Dundee Rhinogram. Student'st-test analyses were performed to identify any statistically significant associations.Results:In total, 164 patients were assessed. There was a statistically significant association between sinonasal symptoms and mucosal middle-ear diseases (p < 0.005). The mean sinonasal symptoms score for mucosal middle-ear disease patients was 5.94 (range, 0–32).Conclusion:Assessment of sinonasal symptoms is paramount in patients presenting with an ear symptom; inflammatory sinonasal disease treatment may become necessary in the management of middle-ear mucosal disease for better patient outcome.

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