A Study of Factors Influencing Continuous Flow Kinetics: The Use of Serum Calcium Estimation as a Model

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 438-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow Cell ◽  
Peak Shape ◽  
Colour Reaction ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Carry Over

Previous studies of continuous flow kinetics have described an “AutoAnalyzer” peak in terms of two time constants, lag constant “a” and exponential constant “b”. Further investigations described here define some of the factors which affect these constants and hence peak shape and analytical performance. This communication outlines the application of this information to the development of an automated method for the determination of serum calcium, having a carry-over of less than 1 % and an analytical rate greater than 100/hour. The instaneous colour reaction, simple hydraulics, removal of the dialysis step, and the use of an integral debubbling flow cell have enabled small kinetic constants to be achieved. Over a period of three months' routine use between-batch coefficient of variation (C.V.) was 1.4%.

An Automated Method for the Determination of Serum Calcium with Glyoxal Bis (2-Hydroxyanil)

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve Farese ◽  
Janice L Schmidt ◽  
Milton Mager
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract A completely automated analysis is described for the determination of serum calcium with glyoxal bis (2-hydroxyanil) solution (GBHA). The method is simple and precise, and the data obtained are in good agreement with results obtained by the manual GBHA procedure.

Automated Fluoride Ion Determination

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Cowell
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Fluoride Ion ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Electrode Response ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
Flow Techniques

An automated method is described, using standard continuous flow techniques, for the determination of urine fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. It is shown that the kinetics of the electrode response to changes in fluoride ion can be used for the accurate measurement of fluoride ion concentration in urine, and that equilibration of the electrode response is not a prerequisite for the measurement of fluoride ion. Recovery experiments are in the range 83 to 90%; in-batch precision is between 0·9 and 1·6% and carryover 2·5% or less.

Automated Method for the Analysis of Riboflavin in Milk, with Application to Other Selected Foods

1974 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1085-1088
Author(s):  
James R Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Green Fluorescence ◽  
Internal Standards ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Sodium Hydrosulfite ◽  
Automated Technique ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract A continuous flow automated technique was developed for the determination of riboflavin in milk. The determination is based on the measurement of the natural yellow-green fluorescence of riboflavin at an excitation of 436 nm and emission of 510 nm. Blank values are determined for each sample after sodium hydrosulfite reduction of the riboflavin. Mean recovery and standard deviation for riboflavin in milk determined by the continuous flow procedure using internal standards were 9 7% and ± 2.42%, respectively. The recovery value was in good agreement with that determined using a manual procedure, while the standard deviation was 33% less than that found when using the manual procedure. The results from this study indicate that the continuous flow automated procedure for the determination of riboflavin in milk is a simple, quantitative method which eliminates many of the time-consuming analytical steps.

A Semi-Automated Method for the Determination of Ammonia in Urine using the Nessler Reaction

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Zinc Hydroxide ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Continuous Flow Analysis ◽  
Analar Grade ◽  
Analysis System

Species in urine which were likely to interfere with the determination of ammonia by Nesslerisation were adsorbed onto a precipitate of zinc hydroxide formed in situ in each sample. The ammonia concentrations in the subsequent supernatant solutions were measured using the Nessler method, adapted for use on a continuous flow analysis system. These measurements were made against a series of standards prepared from Analar grade ammonium chloride. The accuracy, reproducibility, and sensitivity of this adaptation were examined and were found to be within acceptable limits.

scholarly journals Continuous Flow Techniques for the Determination of Serum Calcium and the Simultaneous Determination of Calcium and Inorganic Phosphate in Serum and Urine

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
W. G. Brydon
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Methyl Green ◽  
Fluorometric Method ◽  
Precision Data ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Serum And Urine

The fluorometric method of Fingerhut et al. (1969) for the determination of serum calcium has been modified to approximately treble the sensitivity. Using only 120 μl of sample a method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of calcium and inorganic phosphate in serum and urine, the phosphate being measured by complexing phosphomolybdate with methyl green, a method developed by Van Belle (1970). Only a single dialysis stage is required, and reagents and sample can be delivered using an AutoAnalyzer Pump I. The techniques correlate well with other methods. Accuracy and precision data are presented.

Automated Quantitative Immunochemical Analysis of Human Immunoglobulins

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1364-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Markowitz ◽  
A R Tschida
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Immunochemical Analysis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Specific Serum ◽  
Human Immunoglobulins ◽  
Precise Estimation ◽  
Manual Methods

Abstract A commercial automated continuous-flow procedure for estimating specific serum proteins has been evaluated for use in determination of IgG, IgA, IgM (both 19S and 7S), α1-antitrypsin, and cerebrospinal fluid proteins. Results of the automated procedure correlate well with manual methods, but are much more precise. Estimation of 7S IgM by the automated method is more accurate than estimation by radial immunodiffusion, because concentrations of 7S IgM are not spuriously elevated.

Continuous-flow assay with immobilized enzymes for determining of inorganic phosphate in serum

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Luque de Castro ◽  
R Quiles ◽  
J M Fernández-Romero ◽  
E Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Flow Injection Analysis ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
Excellent Correlation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Method R

Abstract An automated method for the determination of inorganic phosphate based on flow-injection analysis and on the use of immobilized enzymes is reported. The method features a linear range between 0.1 and 20 mumol/L with a CV < 2.1% and 3.4% for the within-run and between-run studies, respectively, and a sampling throughput of 40 h-1. The sensitivity of the method makes a 1:250 dilution of the serum samples feasible, thus making undetectable the interferences from analytes commonly present in serum. The method shows an excellent correlation with conventional automated analyzers based on the same enzymatic reaction (Hitachi, r = 0.988) but with the catalyst in solution, and with the Kodak Ektachem method (r = 0.974) based on the use of dry reagents and formation of the phosphomolybdo heteropolyacid.

scholarly journals Determination of Serum Calcium by Use of an AutoAnalyzer I-II Hybrid

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 516-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
C L Jacklyn ◽  
C D Freeman ◽  
M E Gray ◽  
M A MacAulay
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Colorimetric Procedure

Abstract A hybridized system is described for the continuous-flow determination of serum calcium. The analysis is based on the cresolphthalein colorimetric procedure as described for use with the SMA 12/60 (Technicon Corp.). The hydraulic features of the AutoAnalyzer II are used with modules of the AutoAnalyzer I. This combination gives both the ease of operation and hydraulic improvements inherent in the AutoAnalyzer II system and provides an emergency alternative to the SMA 12/60, with which results are shown to be comparable.

Simultaneous Determination of Methemoglobin and Total Hemoglobin by a Continuous-flow Method

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1116-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A Groff ◽  
Andris Kaminskis ◽  
Samuel A Cucinell
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Simultaneous Measurement ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Total Hemoglobin ◽  
Intermittent Sampling ◽  
Continuous Flow Method

Abstract We describe a sensitive, accurate automated method for the simultaneous measurement of methemoglobin and total hemoglobin in blood. The method can be used for either continuous in vivo monitoring or intermittent sampling at a rate of 20/h. Standardization procedures are described, in which human blood treated with sodium nitrite is used. Repeatability of methemoglobin and total hemoglobin measurements, expressed as coefficient of variation in percent, are within ±4.1 and ±2.6%, respectively. Normal methemoglobin concentration’s in humans and dogs did not exceed 0.55 g/dl (3.3% of the total hemoglobin).

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