Analisis Kadar Zat Pewarna Tartrazin pada Minuman Ringan Berkarbonasi Khas Pekalongan dengan Metode High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Tartrazine is a coloring agent which is a mixture of phenolic compounds, polycyclic hydrocarbons, and heterocyclics. Because it dissolves easily in water, tartrazine is commonly used as a coloring agent in beverages. The addition of tartrazine in the drink aims to give it a more attractive color, namely lemon yellow. The purpose of this study was to analyze the tartrazine content in carbonated drinks and to determine whether the tartrazine content in the sample was in accordance with the BPOM Regulation No. 11 of 2019. Qualitative testing using colour reaction with FeSO4. Quantitative testing using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with a mobile phase of acetonitrile, methanol and aquabides with a ratio (65,5 : 23,5 : 11). The data obtained is the AUC value. Data analisys using linear regression. The resul of qualitatif analysis with acolor test using FeSO4 reagent which produces a color until it is cloudy and is present on the surface. While the quanitative analysis using HPLC obtained the average levels in the oranfe sample 1,109 mg/kg and pineapple sample 0,933 mg/kg.Key words: Analysis, levels, tartrazine, dye, HPLC AbstrakTartrazin merupakan zat pewarna campuran dari senyawa fenol, hidrokarbon polisiklik, dan heterosiklik. Pada umumnya tartrazin digunakan sebagai bahan pewarna minuman karena mudah larut dalam air. Penambahan tartrazin dalam minuman bertujuan untuk memberikan warna yang lebih menarik yaitu kuning lemon. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kandungan tartrazin dalam minuman berkarbonasi dan untuk mengetahui apakah kadar tartrazin dalam sampel sudah sesuai dengan peraturan BPOM No.11 Tahun 2019. Pengujian secara kualitatif dengan metode uji warna menggunakan FeSO4. Pengujian secara kuantitatif menggunakan metode High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) dengan fase gerak asetonitril, metanol, dan aquabides dengan perbandingan (65,5 : 23,5 : 11). Data yang didapat adalah nilai AUC. Analisis data menggunakan regresi linier. Hasil dari analisis kualitataif dengan uji warna menggunakan reagen FeSO4 yang menghasilkan warna sampel keruh dan terdapat endapan. Sedangkan pada analisis kuantitif menggunakan HPLC didapatkan rata-rata kadar pada sampel rasa jeruk 1,109 mg/kg dan pada sampel nanas 0,933 mg/kg.Kata kunci : Analisis, kadar, tartrazin, pewarna, HPLC

Phytochemical Evaluation of Mentha Species including Antioxidant Activity

Mentha arvensis is a belonging to the family of Lamiaceae; Wild mint is often used as a domestic herbal remedy, being valued especially for its antiseptic properties and its beneficial effect on the digestion. The phytochemical screening of hydro alcoholic extracts presenting the flavonoids, resins, triterpenoids, tannins and phenolic groups. The percentage of antioxidant potential is 91.28, by DPPH method. The estimation value of total phenol content is 936±71, and total flavonoid conent is 479±66. The crude drug evaluated by the various physical methods, and all the results are within the limit of world health organisation prescribed. The antioxidant potential is evaluation by DPPH method. The phyto chemical screening based upon the colour reaction and estimated the chief phyto constituents like phenolic content and flavonoid. This work identification and characterisation of the purity and quality of the monograph of the Mentha arvensis. This work is more useful to further researchers.

PERSPECTIVE SEARCHES OF MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS AS SOURCE OF POLYSACCHARIDES

The purpose of the conducted researches was studying of cones of a pine ordinary as source of polysaccharides in complex processing of raw materials. Cones of a pine ordinary were assembled during pollination. For the purpose of development of complex processing of raw materials researches on studying of the cones which remained after receiving pollen are conducted. Researches showed prospects of use of cones of a pine ordinary as source of polysaccharides after receiving pollen. The pectin content in ordinary pine cones, established by the oxalate method, was 1,2 ± 0,1%. Qualitative determination of pectin is proposed by colour reaction with solution of carbazole with alcohol 0,5%. Reaction with 10% lead (II) basic acetate was also used to identify pectin. One indicator of the detoxifying activity of pectin is the degree of esterification (ratio of esterified and free carboxyl groups). Low esterified pectins (esterification rate below 50%) are used as detoxicant. Important is the fact that the complex processing of ordinary pine cones will make it possible to obtain pectin actually from pollen production waste. In the developed scheme of complex processing of ordinary pine cones for hydrolysis-extraction of pectin-high substances from raw materials, it is proposed to use citric acid solution with pH 1,8-2,0. Methods for identifying and quantifying pectin in an object are valid. As a result of all the studies, a method was developed for producing pectin from ordinary pine cones in the complex processing of raw materials, the content of which was 1,2±0,1%, and the degree of esterification 13,20 ± 0,5%. The results of the conducted studies showed that the content of tannins in the studied raw materials of pine cones was 0,66±0,02%. As a result of all studies, a method of producing pectin from ordinary pine cones in complex processing of raw materials has been developed. The obtained results make it possible to recommend the obtained pectins as an effective detoxifying agent and a source of polysaccharides, tannins.

EFFECT OF INDUSTRY EFFLUENT ON HISTO-PHARMACOGNOSY OF BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA LINN. USED AS BLOOD PURIFIER

Aims of the Study: To carried out the effect of Atlas Cycles Industry effluent on pharmacognosy of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. used as Blood Purifier Method: The effluent of Atlas Cycles Industry was analyzed by Trivedi & Goel, 1986 method. Metacalf and Chalk, 1950 was consulted for anatomical studies of selected plant; for chemical analysis Johanson, 1940, Cromwell, 1955 & Trease and Evans, 1983 were followed. TLC was investigated by WHO, 1998. Results: The physico-chemical parameters of Atlas cycle industry effluent were found greater values as compared to standard values. The morphological & anatomical parameters were showed decreasing trend in those plants which were collected near the vicinity of Atlas cycle industry. The colour reaction tests resulted only degrees of changes. The number of spots in observation of TLC, stomatal index, palisade ratio, water extractive and alcohol extractive values were reduced in those plants which were collected near the vicinity of Atlas cycle industry where as vein Islet & vein termination number, ash values were comparatively higher in same samples. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the plants should not be collected form polluted areas(near the vicinity of any industry) for the preparation of medicines, since majority of parameters reflect decreasing data in those plants which were taken from polluted area.

A Novel Report on Killer Yeast Strains Identification Methods

This study was conducted to isolate and identify killer yeasts from soil samples that collected from different locations in Basrah and Dhi-Qar provinces. Seventy-five soil samples were collected from different areas, including sandy, arable, surface sediment and uncultivated soil, using dilution methods to cultivate a serial dilution of each soil sample. The results showed that a 112 isolates were identified biochemically using VITEK system and molecularly using internal transcribed spacer (ITS1- 5.8S-ITS2) marker. The molecular identification provided fast and precise identification results for the 112 isolates, whereas the VITEK test resulted low identification efficiency (8.2% were accurate and 91.8 % were not). The Diazonium blue B salts produced a good colour reaction in distinguishing between ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. The PCR was more accurate in identification of killer yeasts compared to the VITEK system.

Effect of dioxins in milk on 3D-cultured primary buffalo granulosa cells, a pilot study for a prospective RT-LAMP colour reaction for dioxin toxicity

ABSTRACTDioxins are highly toxic environmental persistent organic pollutants. In several countries, their presence was also reported in cow and human milk samples in the range of 0.023-26.46 and 0.88-19.0 pg/gm of fat, respectively. The detection of dioxns in food samples has been relied on several expensive technologies, which do not represent their toxic effects on consumers. However, mammalian cell based bioassays have such potential to detect the toxins, while representing their toxic effects. Therefore, we tried a three-dimensionally (3D) cultured buffalo granulosa cell based RT-LAMP colour reaction for detecting the presence of added model dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), in commercial milk. The 3D spheroids on the fifth day of culture were treated with different concentrations of TCDD (i.e. 0.02– 20 pg/ml) directly as well as indirectly through milk fat. After 24hrs of treatment, gene expression studies were performed on certain granulosa cell-specific (CYP19A1, ER-beta, FSHR and LHR) and selective TCDD-responsive (CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and AHR) genes to identify the potential dioxin responsive gene for further RT-LAMP reaction. As the AHR expression in 3D cultured buffalo granulosa cells appears to be a potential gene marker for sensing the added TCDD in the milk, a colour based RT-LAMP reaction was successfully attempted for its expression. However, future studies are needed to develop a dose-responsive colour reaction by considering the treatment time less than 24 hrs.

Food Allergy

Introduction: Any adverse effect on health resulting from repeated exposure to a substance against which the individual has been sensitized against is allergy. Food allergens are one of the many common causes of allergies. The aim of this study is to find out the common food allergens and also specify the type of food suspicious for allergy among the patients with allergic reactions. A total of 178 patients with allergic reactions were included. The test was carried out using kit with an enzyme-labelled antihuman IgE catalysing a colour reaction. The kit contains test stripes coated with 21 different common antigens. Concentration of antibody specific to certain allergen is calculated and graded into different classes. Among the patients sensitized to allergic food, mean age was 34.36 years with female to male ratio of 2.9:1. Ninty two patients (51.7%) patients were sensitized to 1 to 3 allergens, whereas, 3.9% w ere sensitized to more than 10 food allergens. Thirty three (27.9%) patients had definite antibody detection, 11(9.3%) patients had strong antibody titre and 4 (3.3%) patients had very high antibody titre. Most common food allergen was crab (20.1%) followed by potato (25.8%). Cross reactivity was seen in various food allergens. Cereals and rice showed significant reactivity (P <0.001). Other food like soybean with mustard, peanut with coconut and apple with grape also showed significant correlation (P<0.001). The most common food allergens were crab, potato, spinach, peanut, coconut, soybean, mustard, wheat, rice, shrimp/prawn, cucumber and onion. While determining the specific allergen, we should be aware of potential cross-reactivity against one or more food allergens.

Epidemiology of infections caused by Chlamydophila pneumoniae in patients with chronic cough

Background: Chlamydophila pneumoniae is an important etiological agent in respiratory system infections. The aim of study was to analyze the rate of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in adults and children and also to determine a correlation between the presence of this pathogen and symptoms of chronic cough. Material/Methods: The material for the study included swabs from the posterior pharyngeal wall taken on an empty stomach without cleaning the mouth. The diagnostic method was indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT), which uses two types of antibodies: monoclonal mouse antibodies, which link specifically with the antigen that is present in the tested material and goat anti-mouse antibodies linked to fluorescein isothiocyanate, providing the colour reaction with C. pneumoniae antigen. Results: In our research, 593 patients, including 319 women, 175 men, aged from 18 to 87 years and a group of 99 children aged from 2 to 17 years with symptoms of chronic cough n=432 and other respiratory manifestations n=161 were studied. In the group of studied women with cough, 28.2% (64/227) of results were positive. In the group of men with cough, 22.3% (27/121) of results were positive. In the group of children with a cough, 28.6% (24/84) of the results were positive. Conclusions: In the examined group of children and adults with a chronic cough, the C. pneumoniae antigen was detected. The frequency of detection of C. pneumoniae antigen differed depending on the age group of both children and adults with symptoms of chronic cough.

Two new species and one new record of the genus Tylopilus (Boletaceae) from Indian Himalaya with morphological details and phylogenetic estimations

Tylopilushimalayanus and T.pseudoballoui are described as new species from two Himalayan states (Sikkim and Uttarakhand) in India. Tylopilushimalayanus is characterised by a unique combination of features: reddish- or brownish-grey to purplish-grey then brown to reddish-brown or darker pileus, absence of olive or violet tinges on stipe surface, angular pores, stipe without reticulum or rarely with a faint reticulum restricted to the very apex, bitter taste of the context and positive macrochemical colour reaction of the stipe context with KOH (dark orange) and FeSO4 (dark green), medium sized (10.9–14.4 × 3.9–4.9 µm) basidiospores and occurrence under coniferous trees; T.pseudoballoui is distinguished by orange-yellow to brown-yellow sticky pileus, pale yellow pore surface with pinkish hues that turns pale to greyish-orange on bruising; angular pores, stipe concolorous to pileus with pruinose but never reticulate surface, ixocutis pattern of pileipellis and occurrence under broadleaf trees. Another species, T.neofelleus, which was reported earlier from China and Japan, was also collected from Sikkim and reported for the first time from India. All three species are described with morphological details and two-locus based (nrLSU and nrITS) phylogenetic data.

Optofluidic differential colorimetry for rapid nitrite determination

Optofluidic differential colorimetry for rapid nitrite determination by the synergy of a colour reaction and a microfluidic network is presented.