Crime and Neighborhood Change in the Nation’s Capital: From Disinvestment to Gentrification

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110053
Author(s):  
Tanya Golash-Boza ◽  
Hyunsu Oh
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Black People ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Neighborhood Change ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Racial Change ◽  
Black Neighborhoods ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
High Crime ◽  
The Relationship

Research on crime and neighborhood racial composition establishes that Black neighborhoods with high levels of violent crime will experience an increase in Black residents and concentrated disadvantage—due to the constrained housing choices Black people face. Some studies on the relationship between gentrification and crime, however, show that high-crime neighborhoods can experience reinvestment as well as displacement of Black residents. In Washington, DC, we have seen both trends—concentration of poverty and segregation as well as racial turnover and reinvestment. We employ a spatial analysis using a merged data set including crime data, Census data, and American Community Survey (ACS) data to analyze the relationship between crime and neighborhood change at the Census tract level. Our findings demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between periods of neighborhood decline and ascent, between the effects of property and violent crime, and between racial change and socioeconomic change.

Painting a Way Out of a Corner: An Assessment of the Relationship of Public Art with Neighborhood Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 0739456X2097680
Author(s):  
Michael S. Barton ◽  
Tracey E. Rizzuto ◽  
Matthew A. Valasik
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Baton Rouge ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Neighborhood Violence ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Calls For Service ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship of blight reduction with violent crime in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. We examine whether an initiative to paint murals in high-crime areas was associated with declines in calls for service for violent crime. This relationship was assessed by analyzing variation in calls for service in the areas within 500 feet of mural installations and at the block group level over a nine-year period. Our findings suggest the influence of blight reduction strategies for violence can vary by unit of analysis and that such strategies by themselves are unlikely to be strongly associated with reductions in violence.

The Unequal Spatial Distribution of City Government Fines: The Case of Parking Tickets in Los Angeles

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noli Brazil
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
City Council ◽  
City Government ◽  
Black Representation ◽  
Black Neighborhoods ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Parking Ticket

This study investigates the relationship between government fines and neighborhood composition using data on parking citations in Los Angeles. Parking ticket fines have received significant attention in public debates concerning bias in government and law enforcement practices. In these debates, community advocates claim that parking citations are spatially concentrated in neighborhoods of predominantly economically vulnerable populations. Using parking ticket data in 2016 from the City of Los Angeles, this study shows that the number of parking tickets is higher in neighborhoods with a larger presence of renters, young adults, and Black residents. The study also finds that the burden on Black neighborhoods is not alleviated by Black representation in city council. However, Hispanic neighborhoods with a Hispanic council representative experienced higher parking ticket rates for regulations that are more likely to be violated by visitors, specifically, violations occurring during the evening and overnight hours, and specific to time-limit and permit-related regulations.

Formal Social Control in Changing Neighborhoods: Racial Implications of Neighborhood Context on Reactive Policing

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075-1099
Author(s):  
Charles C. Lanfear ◽  
Lindsey R. Beach ◽  
Timothy A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Neighborhood Change ◽  
Neighborhood Context ◽  
Police Contacts ◽  
The Relationship

Public reports to the police are a key component of the formal social control process and have distinct interracial dynamics. This study examines the relationship between incident severity, neighborhood context, and participant race and patterns in the determination of probable cause and arrest in reactive police contacts. We utilize a complete record of police incidents in Seattle, Washington from 2008 through 2012 including information on race of reporters and targets and type of offense. These data are matched to longitudinal tract–level census data to evaluate how incident outcomes relate to neighborhood change. Results indicate that black targets are more frequently subject to arrest overall, particularly in changing neighborhoods and when reporters are white. For nuisance crimes such as public disturbances, probable cause is found more often for white reporters but less often in changing neighborhoods.

scholarly journals Local crime and early marriage: Evidence from India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudipa Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Age Of Marriage ◽  
The Relationship

This paper analyses whether living in a locality with high crime against women affects the probability of early marriage—that is, marriage before the legal age of marriage of girls. We hypothesize that parents who perceive themselves to live in a high-crime locality would marry their daughters off at an early age to protect the chastity of their daughters from any sexual violence. However, there would be no similar effect of perceived crime in the locality on the marriage of sons. Using a nationally representative longitudinal data set and tackling the potential endogeneity of local crime rates, we find evidence to support our hypothesis. The results show that perceived crime against women in the locality significantly increases the likelihood of early marriage of girls, while there is no such effect on boys of comparable age group. We also find no such effect of gender-neutral crimes (such as theft and robbery) on the likelihood of early marriage of girls. Moreover, we find that the relationship holds only in conservative households where the purdah system is practised, and also in the northern region of India, where patriarchal culture and gender norms are stronger than in the southern region. These findings are relevant as under-age marriage has negative consequences for the well-being of women in terms of health, education, post-marital agency, and future economic participation.

Neighborhood Ethnoracial Composition and Gentrification in Chicago and New York, 1980 to 2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Timberlake ◽  
Elaina Johns-Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Black Neighborhoods ◽  
Residential Preference ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
Business District ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This research examines the impact of neighborhood ethnoracial composition on the likelihood that neighborhoods that could gentrify do gentrify over time. Drawing on findings from the gentrification and residential preference literatures, we hypothesize that the percentage of Black and Latino residents in neighborhoods in 1980 is associated with the probability of gentrification, conditional on the racial composition of neighborhoods in 2010. We test these hypotheses with analyses of census data for tracts in the central cities of Chicago and New York in 1980 to 2010. We find that the percentage of Black residents in 1980 was negatively associated with gentrified White and positively associated with gentrified Black neighborhoods, and that percent Latino in 1980 was positively associated with gentrified Latino neighborhoods. Finally, we found strong evidence that gentrification in these cities was much more likely to occur in neighborhoods close to the central business district.

Reclaiming the chocolate city: Soundscapes of gentrification and resistance in Washington, DC

2020 ◽  
pp. 026377582097824
Author(s):  
Brandi Thompson Summers
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Black People ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Spatial Politics ◽  
Place And Space ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Physical Displacement

In Washington, DC, Black residents have experienced unprecedented levels of cultural and physical displacement since 2000. Because of gentrification, the first “chocolate city,” long been defined by its blackness, has experienced shifts in the economy and commitments by the local government, that privilege policies that facilitate the displacement of Black families. Everyday struggles against gentrification have been of wide-ranging theoretical concern and pose an ongoing challenge for scholars in geography to understand the ways people resist gentrification and displacement. In this article, I show through an analysis of the anti-gentrification movement, #DontMuteDC, how Black people challenge the processes of gentrification by reclaiming space and resisting capitalist dispossession through cultural production. I demonstrate the relationship between Black sound aesthetics, gentrification, and a spatial politics of reclamation. I analyze the movement’s emphasis on go-go music as part of a process to (re)claim their place in the city, which I argue disrupts structures governing and managing normative space. I propose reclamation aesthetics as an analytic through which we can understand Black cultural production and Black place- and space-making practices as responses to socio-spatial inequities.

Freedom under the Gun

2018 ◽  
pp. 186-220
Author(s):  
Loka Ashwood
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Black People ◽  
National Average ◽  
White People ◽  
Gun Ownership ◽  
Aggravated Assault ◽  
Rural Counties ◽  
Violent Crime Rate ◽  
Black Residents

This chapter considers the implications of crime and gun ownership in Burke County, Georgia. Burke County's aggravated assault rate in 2011 was more than three times the national average: about 8 for every 1,000 people, versus 2.41 per 1,000 nationally. In 2010, its violent crime rate was more than twice the national average. These are not typical numbers for rural counties in America. For a county of 23,316, with only 28 people per square mile, the crime and violence in Burke County contradict widespread idyllic notions of the countryside and places identified as rural. Gun ownership is also high. One reason is because of white residents' proximity to black residents. There is a long tradition in the South of perpetrating violence against black people simply because white people perceived them as a threat, even when they were innocent. These prejudices are dramatized by crimes that may have no confirmed evidence of black-on-white assault, but still agitate prejudicial fears.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Change, One Pint at a Time: The Impact of Local Characteristics on Craft Breweries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Boeing
Keyword(s):  
Neighborhood Change ◽  
Neighborhood Revitalization ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Small Craft ◽  
Neighborhood Scale ◽  
Demographic Shifts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Employment Data

Cities have recognized the local impact of small craft breweries, altering municipal codes to make it easier to establish breweries as anchor points of economic development and revitalization. However, we do not know the extent to which these strategies impact change at the neighborhood scale across the U.S. In this chapter, we examine the relationship between the growth and locations of craft breweries and the incidence of neighborhood change. We rely on a unique data set of geocoded brewery locations that tracks openings and closings from 2004 to the present. Using measures of neighborhood change often found in the gentrification literature, we develop statistical models of census tract demographic and employment data to determine the extent to which brewery locations are associated with social and demographic shifts since 2000. The strongest predictor of whether a craft brewery opened in 2013 or later in a neighborhood was the presence of a prior brewery. We do not find evidence entirely consistent with the common narrative of a link between gentrification and craft brewing, but we do find a link between an influx of lower-to-middle income urban creatives and the introduction of a craft brewery. We advocate for urban planners to recognize the importance of craft breweries in neighborhood revitalization while also protecting residents from potential displacement.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Dementia, Race, and Schizophrenia Labeling in Nursing Homes Following the CMS Partnership

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
Shekinah Fashaw ◽  
Theresa Shireman ◽  
Ellen McCreedy ◽  
Julie Bynum
Keyword(s):  
Data Set ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Minimum Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
National Partnership ◽  
Reporting Rates ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Experimental Study Design

Abstract Preliminary research demonstrated an increase in the reporting of schizophrenia diagnoses among nursing home (NH) residents subsequent to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) National Partnership to Improve Dementia Care. Given known health disparities and higher antipsychotic use for Black NH residents, we examined how race and dementia influence the rate of schizophrenia diagnoses among NH residents. Using a quasi-experimental study design, we examined changes in schizophrenia reporting among long-stay NH residents’ quarterly and/or yearly Minimum Data Set 3.0 assessments between 2011-2015. Employing a difference-in-difference analysis adjusting for independent variables (e.g. demographics, diabetes, heart conditions, and functional status), we examined the relationship before and after the partnership. There were over 4 million MDS assessments annually. Schizophrenia reporting increased 12.3% in the dementia group as compared to 9.3% in the non-dementia group (p<0.0001). Black residents had a significantly higher likelihood of schizophrenia reporting (4%, p<0.0001). After controlling for covariates, there was a 16.5% increase in schizophrenia reporting for Blacks with dementia and 14.9% increase for non-Blacks with dementia (p<0.0001). There were no racial disparities identified among the non-dementia group after controlling for covariates. NH residents were more likely to have schizophrenia documented on their MDS assessments, and following the partnership, schizophrenia reporting rates increased faster for Blacks with dementia than their non-Black peers and their peers without dementia. Further work is needed to determine if schizophrenia diagnoses are appropriately employed in NH practice, particularly for Black Americans and persons with dementia.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kinerja Penyuluh Pertanian di Kabupaten Ciamis Jawa Barat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Nur Puti Kurniawati ◽  
Dwi Sadono ◽  
Endang Sri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Field Extension ◽  
Need For Achievement ◽  
Extension Agent ◽  
Spearman Correlation Test ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Agricultural extension agent was the main spearhead in carrying out counseling. A good agricultural extension agent can be reflected in their performance. The purpose of this study were: (1) describe the characteristics of agricultural extension agent, (2) describe the level of competence, level of work motivation, and describe level of performance of agricultural extension agent, (3) analyze the relationship between characteristics of agricultural extention agent and the level of performance of agricultural extension agent, (4) analyze the relationship between the level of competency of agricultural extension agent and the level of performance of agricultural extension agent, (5) analyze the relationship between the level of motivation of agricultural extension agent and the level of performance of agricultural extension agent. Responden in this study were 48 field extension agent who are civil servant in Ciamis Regency West Java and selected by census. Data were analyzed using Rank Spearman correlation test. The results showed that agricultural extension agent in Ciamis Regency were dominated by extension agent who were old, undergraduate educated, had little training, and had a long working period. Agricultural extension agent in Ciamis Regency generally have sufficient competency which tends to be high and generally dominated by the need for achievement motivation. The results also show that there is a relationship between managerial competence and performance, social competence with performance, technical competence with performance, level of competency with performance, and the need for achievement with performance.Keywords: Agricultural Extension Agent,Competence, Motivation, Performance.

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