Trends in Incarceration in the United States since 1880

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Cahalan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Drug Offenses ◽  
English Speaking

An examination of government reports on penal facilities in the United States published since 1880 reveals that the rate of incarceration in feder al, state, local, and juvenile correctional institutions has increased. The major changes in offense distribution are increases in the proportion of persons reported to be incarcerated for robbery and the proportion in carcerated for drug offenses. In the nineteenth as well as the twentieth century, persons born abroad, blacks, members of other nonwhite racial groups, and other non-English-speaking persons have constituted a large percentage of those incarcerated. Declines in the overrepresentation of the foreign born in the prisons and jails in the United States have been accom panied by increases in the proportion of black and Spanish-speaking in mates.

Univision, Telemundo, and the Rise of Spanish-Language Television in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Allen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
American Society ◽  
The U.S

The first completely researched history of U.S. Spanish-language television traces the rise of two foremost, if widely unrecognized, modern American enterprises—the Spanish-language networks Univision and Telemundo. It is a standard scholarly history constructed from archives, original interviews, reportage, and other public materials. Occasioned by the public’s wakening to a “Latinization” of the U.S., the book demonstrates that the emergence of Spanish-language television as a force in mass communication is essential to understanding the increasing role of Latinos and Latino affairs in modern American society. It argues that a combination of foreign and domestic entrepreneurs and innovators who overcame large odds resolves a significant and timely question: In an English-speaking country, how could a Spanish-speaking institution have emerged? Through exploration of significant and colorful pioneers, continuing conflicts and setbacks, landmark strides, and ongoing controversies—and with revelations that include regulatory indecision, behind-the-scenes tug-of-war, and the internationalization of U.S. mass media—the rise of a Spanish-language institution in the English-speaking U.S. is explained. Nine chapters that begin with Spanish-language television’s inception in 1961 and end 2012 chronologically narrate the endeavor’s first 50 years. Events, passages, and themes are thoroughly referenced.

Wage Mobility of Undocumented Workers in the United States

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Tienda ◽  
Audrey Singer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Undocumented Immigrants ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Undocumented Workers ◽  
Region Of Origin ◽  
Wage Returns ◽  
Spanish Speaking

This study addresses two fundamental questions about the economic assimilation of undocumented immigrants in the United States: 1) how different recently legalized immigrants are from all foreign-born persons and native-born whites; 2) whether wages of undocumented immigrants improve as they acquire greater amounts of U.S. experience and, if so, how these improvements are comparable to those of immigrants in general. We analyze the Legalized Population Survey and the Current Population Survey to assess the returns to U.S. experience and find positive returns to U.S. experience for both undocumented migrants and all foreign-born men. Returns to U.S. experience depend on region of origin. Undocumented immigrants from Mexico received the lowest wage returns and men from non-Spanish-speaking countries received the highest returns to U.S. experience.

Transformation in Jamaica, Grenada, and Haiti

Freedom Roots ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 281-318
Author(s):  
Laurent Dubois ◽  
Richard Lee Turits
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
State And Society ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Popular Classes ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

In the last decades of the twentieth century, the Caribbean saw multiple and dramatic political efforts to transform state and society. New governments sought to embrace popular classes as equal members of society as almost never before and to create unprecedented forms of equality, both economically and culturally. This chapter explores three such attempts at transformation: Jamaica under Michael Manley, Maurice Bishop and the Grenada Revolution, and Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s first government in Haiti. Unlike the Cuban Revolution, these leaders excited expectations for change within still mostly capitalist economies. Manley and Aristide led democratic governments, while Grenada sustained one-party rule. The outcomes of reform efforts in these three nations varied from enduring progress to poignant tragedy. The chapter explores the powerful challenges these new Caribbean governments faced, domestic and foreign, economic and political. It shows how after the English-speaking Caribbean gained independence in the 1960s and 1970s, their trajectories began to overlap with that of the older independent Caribbean, as national sovereignty made them suddenly more vulnerable to the region’s predominant twentieth-century empire, the United States.

Transnationalism and American Exports in an English-Speaking World

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 702-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Light ◽  
Min Zhou ◽  
Rebecca Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data File ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Time Lagged ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
The Relationship

Investigating the relationship between immigration, middleman minority status, transnationalism, and U.S. foreign trade, the authors assembled a census-based data file that contains aggregate-level variables for 88 foreign-born groups by national origin between 1980 and 1990. They regressed immigrant characteristics and immigration volume upon time-lagged import/export statistics from the same 88 nations between 1985 and 1995. Results show the independent influence on exports of immigrant entrepreneurship, transnationalism, and middleman minority status. But these variables, exhaustively derived from the existing literature, had no effect on U.S. imports; they only affected exports. The authors propose that the discrepancy between imports and exports arises because of the dominance of English as a world business language. In this situation, foreigners need no help from immigrants when they export to the United States; but native-born, monolingual Americans need the help of bicultural immigrants when they export. The empirical results suggest that immigrant entrepreneurs enhance the United States' exports and thus reduce the United States' balance of payments deficit.

The Association of Acculturation with Overt and Covert Perceived Discrimination for Older Asian Americans

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
Keith Chan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Related Services ◽  
Health Related ◽  
English Speaking

Abstract Asian older adults are a fast-growing population in the United States. Because Asian older adults are a largely immigrant population, acculturation has an impact on their perceived discrimination, which is negatively associated with health and mental health. Discrimination can be overt, characterized by distrust and direct messages that are hostile and exclusionary, or covert, characterized by unfair treatment and messages that are negative and degrading. This study investigates the association of acculturation with perceived overt and covert discrimination, measured by the Everyday Discrimination Scale, with a sample of 348 foreign-born older Asian Americans from the National Latino and Asian American Study. Acculturation was measured by English-speaking ability, immigration-related variables, and ethnic identity. Results indicated that perceived covert discrimination was more prevalent than overt discrimination among older Asians. Among acculturation variables, only citizenship was associated with higher perceived covert and overt discrimination. Identifying with the same race was associated with higher covert discrimination. Findings suggest that higher acculturation is associated with greater exposure to discrimination for Asian older adults. Efforts to increase access and utilization of social and health-related services should consider the context of older Asians’ experiences as a discriminated immigrant group in the United States.

scholarly journals Talking American in the Midwest: Linguistic Diversity and Authenticity in the Twentieth-Century United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
MOLLY BECKER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Language ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Immigrant Language

During the early twentieth century – when the United States was receiving an influx of non-English-speaking immigrants, and “standardization” was a dominant, yet polarizing, concept – having a single national language that unified Americans became a controversial topic in public discourse. In The Odyssey of a Nice Girl, Ruth Suckow, like many authors at the time, used immigrant language as a foil for midwestern speech to demonstrate its “standard” Americanness. But, as this essay will show, by using other regional American dialects in a similar manner, she questioned how “Americanness” was being understood and recognized during this period in the United States.

Wrestling with 9/11: Immigrant Perceptions and Perceptions of Immigrants

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Brettell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Asian Indians ◽  
World Trade Center ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fort Worth ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
Trade Center ◽  
The Impact

Soon after 9/11 a research project to study new immigration into the Dallas Fort Worth metropolitan area got under way. In the questionnaire that was administered to 600 immigrants across five different immigrant populations (Asian Indians, Vietnamese, Mexicans, Salvadorans, and Nigerians) between 2003 and 2005 we decided to include a question about the impact of 9/11 on their lives. We asked: “How has the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 affected your position as an immigrant in the United States?” This article analyzes the responses to this question, looking at similarities and differences across different immigrant populations. It also addresses the broader issue of how 9/11 has affected both immigration policy and attitudes toward the foreign-born in the United States. 

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