Field Dependence and Driver Visual Search Behavior

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Shinar ◽  
Edward D. McDowell ◽  
Nick J. Rackoff ◽  
Thomas H. Rockwell
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Search Behavior ◽  
Search Pattern ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
On The Road

This paper reports on two studies that examined the relationship between field dependence and on-the-road visual search behavior. In the first study, concerned with eye movements in curve negotiation, it was found that field-dependent subjects have a less effective visual search pattern. In the second study, young and aged drivers were compared on several information processing tasks and on their ability to maintain their eyes closed part of the time while driving. Of the various information processing tasks, only field dependence and visual search time correlated significantly with the mean time the drivers needed to maintain their eyes open while driving, Together the two studies indicate that field dependent subjects require more time to process the available visual information and are less effective in their visual search pattern.

Do the TAIS Attentional-Style Scales Predict How Visual Information Is Processed?

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Dewey ◽  
Lawrence R. Brawley
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Search Rate ◽  
Information Processing System ◽  
Attentional Style

A major research limitation in investigating the validity of the TAIS has been the failure to distinguish when attentional style has an effect on the information processing system, early as in encoding or late after processing. Few investigations have examined the TAIS predictive validity in a controlled setting wherein task attention demands can be systematically and accurately varied. Does the general trait of attentional style really have anything to do with how attention related information is processed? The present study examined this question using a valid attention theory (Treisman's feature integration theory) and a visual search paradigm. When the TAIS attentional-style scales were correlated with visual search rate for attention demanding targets, no significant relationships were observed. Specifically, TAIS scales did not relate to visual search rate for an attention demanding target, the performance of subjects extreme in search rate, or the central to peripheral slowing of search time in target detection. The factorial validity of the TAIS was also questioned. It was concluded that the attentional-style scales were not valid in predicting how attention related visual information is processed. The importance of distinguishing when attentional style might be operating in the information processing system was emphasized for future research.

Effects of Symbol Structure on Visual Information Processing

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-354
Author(s):  
Bruce W. Hamill ◽  
Robert A. Virzi
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Visual Information Processing ◽  
Array Size ◽  
Serial Search ◽  
Feature Structure

This investigation addresses the problem of attention in the processing of symbolic information from visual displays. Its scope includes the nature of attentive processes, the structural properties of stimuli that influence visual information processing mechanisms, and the manner in which these factors interact in perception. Our purpose is to determine the effects of configural feature structure on visual information processing. It is known that for stimuli comprising separable features, one can distinguish between conditions in which only one relevant feature differs among stimuli in the array being searched and conditions in which conjunctions of two (or more) features differ: Since the visual process of conjoining separable features is additive, this fact is reflected in search time as a function of array size, with feature conditions yielding flat curves associated with parallel search (no increase in search time across array sizes) and conjunction conditions yielding linearly increasing curves associated with serial search. We studied configural-feature stimuli within this framework to determine the nature of visual processing for such stimuli as a function of their feature structure. Response times of subjects searching for particular targets among structured arrays of distractors were measured in a speeded visual search task. Two different sets of stimulus materials were studied in array sizes of up to 32 stimuli, using both tachistoscope and microcomputer-based CRT presentation for each. Our results with configural stimuli indicate serial search in all of the conditions, with the slope of the response-time-by-array-size function being steeper for conjunction conditions than for feature conditions. However, for each of the two sets of stimuli we studied, there was one configuration that stood apart from the others in its set in that it yielded significantly faster response times, and in that conjunction conditions involving these particular stimuli tended to cluster with the feature conditions rather than with the other conjunction conditions. In addition to these major effects of particular targets, context effects also appeared in our results as effects of the various distractor sets used; certain of these context effects appear to be reversible. The effects of distractor sets on target search were studied in considerable detail. We have found interesting differences in visual processing between stimuli comprising separable features and those comprising configural features. We have also been able to characterize the effects we have found with configural-feature stimuli as being related to the specific feature structure of the target stimulus in the context of the specific feature structure of distractor stimuli. These findings have strong implications for the design of symbology that can enhance visual performance in the use of automated displays.

Selective impairment in effortful information processing in major depression

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 954-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Hammar ◽  
Anders Lund ◽  
Kenneth Hugdahl
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Automatic Information ◽  
Healthy Control

AbstractAutomatic and effortful information processing in depressed patients was investigated by a visual search paradigm, in order to examine dysfunctional effortful processing in depressed patients. Twenty-one patients with major depression, according to the DSM–IV, and with a moderate depression measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale score at >18 participated in the study. The healthy control group was matched for age, gender, and level of education. Half of the trials involved only one type of distractor, and the other half of the trials involved two types of distractors being presented. The results show that the performance of the depressed patients was equal to the control group when the target was easily recognized with only one type of distractor present. However, when target detection required a more difficult and complex attentive search strategy, effortful information processing, the depressed patients needed longer visual search time compared to the controls. Depressed patients seem to have impaired performance on effortful but not automatic information processing. (JINS, 2003, 9, 954–959.)

scholarly journals The forest, the trees, and the leaves across adulthood: Age-related changes on a visual search task containing three-level hierarchical stimuli

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Bouhassoun ◽  
Nicolas Poirel ◽  
Noah Hamlin ◽  
Gaelle E. Doucet
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Global Precedence ◽  
Hierarchical Stimuli

AbstractSelecting relevant visual information in complex scenes by processing either global information or local parts helps us act efficiently within our environment and achieve goals. A global advantage (faster global than local processing) and global interference (global processing interferes with local processing) comprise an evidentiary global precedence phenomenon in early adulthood. However, the impact of healthy aging on this phenomenon remains unclear. As such, we collected behavioral data during a visual search task, including three-levels hierarchical stimuli (i.e., global, intermediate, and local levels) with several hierarchical distractors, in 50 healthy adults (26 younger (mean age: 26 years) and 24 older (mean age: 62 years)). Results revealed that processing information presented at the global and intermediate levels was independent of age. Conversely, older adults were slower for local processing compared to the younger adults, suggesting lower efficiency to deal with visual distractors during detail-oriented visual search. Although healthy older adults continued exhibiting a global precedence phenomenon, they were disproportionately less efficient during local aspects of information processing, especially when multiple visual information was displayed. Our results could have important implications for many life situations by suggesting that visual information processing is impacted by healthy aging, even with similar visual stimuli objectively presented.

Feature Integration across Parts in Visual Search

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3431 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1335-1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoda Xu
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Feature Integration ◽  
Conjunction Search ◽  
Single Feature ◽  
Object Part ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Different Parts

In the present study, participants searched for a conjunction of color and orientation either from the same part of an object (same-part display), or from different parts of an object (different-part display). While no difference was found between the two display conditions in single feature searches, conjunction search in the same-part display was significantly faster than that in the different-part display. This same-part advantage applies to both the inner part as well as the outer part of an object. These results suggest that features are more readily integrated if they are from the same part of an object than if they are from different parts of an object. The formation of object part representations thus influences how features are integrated and encoded during visual information processing.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Relevance Facilitates Visual Information Processing

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 147470491301100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell E. Jackson ◽  
Dustin P. Calvillo
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Perceptual Load ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Visual Information Processing ◽  
Significant Component ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Visual search of the environment is a fundamental human behavior that perceptual load affects powerfully. Previously investigated means for overcoming the inhibitions of high perceptual load, however, generalize poorly to real-world human behavior. We hypothesized that humans would process evolutionarily relevant stimuli more efficiently than evolutionarily novel stimuli, and evolutionary relevance would mitigate the repercussions of high perceptual load during visual search. Animacy is a significant component to evolutionary relevance of visual stimuli because perceiving animate entities is time-sensitive in ways that pose significant evolutionary consequences. Participants completing a visual search task located evolutionarily relevant and animate objects fastest and with the least impact of high perceptual load. Evolutionarily novel and inanimate objects were located slowest and with the highest impact of perceptual load. Evolutionary relevance may importantly affect everyday visual information processing.

Eye Movements While Viewing a Baseball Pitch

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1191-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Shank ◽  
Kathleen M. Haywood
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Search Pattern ◽  
Direct Perception ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Release Point ◽  
Processing Theory ◽  
Collegiate Baseball ◽  
Pitch Curve

Information-processing theory predicts that sport performers gain information from their environment through use of a systematic pattern of eye movements/fixations. Of interest here was the visual-search pattern used in viewing an oncoming baseball pitch and whether this pattern differed for expert and novice batters. Ocular latencies were also examined during the task. Subjects were 9 varsity collegiate baseball players (expert) and 9 novice players. Each subject was shown 20 pitches on videotape, with the type of pitch (curve, fastball) and type of motion (wind-up, stretch) varied During the viewing eye movements were recorded by a photoelectric technique. Expert players fixated during wind-up on the anticipated release point and then, after a latency of about 150 msec. following release, moved their eyes to the oncoming ball. Novice batters tended to move their eyes before release or to fixate somewhere other than the release point, such as the pitcher's head. Performance differences in hitting may be partially attributable to these differences in visual search pattern. This latter finding supports the information-processing viewpoint, yet the existence of an eye-movement latency supports a direct perception perspective.

Visual Search Strategies of Older Drivers at Rural Expressway Intersections

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (24) ◽  
pp. 1560-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Bao ◽  
Linda Ng Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Search Pattern ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Unsignalized Intersections ◽  
Traffic Volumes

Studies show that older drivers are at a greater risk for crashes at unsignalized intersections. The objective of this study is to examine the visual search pattern of older drivers as they begin one of three drive maneuvers (i.e., left turn, right turn, and straight across) at two different rural expressway intersections (i.e., high and low crash areas). Twenty drivers participated in this study with 10 older drivers (65–80 years old) and 10 middle-aged drivers (35–55 years old) used as a comparison group. Results show that older drivers used significantly less search time to get ready for all maneuvers when compared to middle-aged drivers. There was also an interaction effect with older drivers taking significantly less search time during higher traffic volumes. Middle-aged drivers would search for potential hazards and wait for an appropriate gap distance before entering into the intersection.

Information-Processing Styles of Paranormal Healers

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-366
Author(s):  
F. W. J. J. Snel ◽  
P. C. van der Sijde
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Processing Styles ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Laying On Of Hands

49 paranormal healers working by laying-on-of-hands (direct healing) and distance healing were compared with 56 nursing staff and a control group of 73 on the information-processing styles of field-dependence and reflexivity-impulsivity. Apparently paranormal healers scored as more field-dependent than the other groups which is consistent with observations of paranormal healers when working. No differences appeared among groups on reflexivity-impulsivity.

Visual Search Behavior while Viewing Driving Scenes under the Influence of Alcohol and Marihuana

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Moskowitz ◽  
Kenneth Ziedman ◽  
Satanand Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Behavior ◽  
Alcohol Treatment ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Visual Scanning ◽  
Driving Situation ◽  
Simulated Driving ◽  
Heavy Drinkers ◽  
Blood Alcohol Levels

Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of alcohol and marihuana on visual scanning patterns in a simulated driving situation. In the first experiment 27 male heavy drinkers were divided into three groups of nine, defined by three blood alcohol levels produced by alcohol treatment: 0.0%, 0.075%, and 0.15% BAC's. Significant changes in visual search behavior including increased dwell duration, decreased dwell frequency, and increased pursuit duration and frequency were found under alcohol. In the second experiment, 10 male social users of marihuana were tested under both 0 mcg and 200 mcg tetrahydrocannabinol per kilogram bodyweight. Marihuana was found to have no effect on visual search behavior. The results are related to previous studies of alcohol and marihuana effects on information processing.

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