Into the Eyes of the Referee: A Comparison of Elite and Sub-Elite Football Referees’ On-Field Visual Search Behaviour when making Foul Judgements

In foul decision-making by football referees, visual search is important for gathering task-specific information to determine whether a foul has occurred. Yet, little is known about the visual search behaviours underpinning excellent on-field decisions. The aim of this study was to examine the on-field visual search behaviour of elite and sub-elite football referees when calling a foul during a match. In doing so, we have also compared the accuracy and gaze behaviour for correct and incorrect calls. Elite and sub-elite referees (elite: N = 5, Mage ± SD = 29.8 ± 4.7yrs, Mexperience ± SD = 14.8 ± 3.7yrs; sub-elite: N = 9, Mage ± SD = 23.1 ± 1.6yrs, Mexperience ± SD = 8.4 ± 1.8yrs) officiated an actual football game while wearing a mobile eye-tracker, with on-field visual search behaviour compared between skill levels when calling a foul (Nelite = 66; Nsub−elite = 92). Results revealed that elite referees relied on a higher search rate (more fixations of shorter duration) compared to sub-elites, but with no differences in where they allocated their gaze, indicating that elites searched faster but did not necessarily direct gaze towards different locations. Correct decisions were associated with higher gaze entropy (i.e. less structure). In relying on more structured gaze patterns when making incorrect decisions, referees may fail to pick-up information specific to the foul situation. Referee development programmes might benefit by challenging the speed of information pickup but by avoiding pre-determined gaze patterns to improve the interpretation of fouls and increase the decision-making performance of referees.

P156 INTERNET USE OF THE HERNIA PATIENTS BEFORE SURGERY: SEARCHING ABOUT THE DISEASE, AND FINDING A PROPER SURGEON

Aim To find out the current status of the internet use of the patients who undergo hernia repair. Material and Methods The patients who were diagnosed with abdominal wall hernia and scheduled for elective hernia repair were requested to answer a questionnaire. The age, gender, education status, place of living, health insurance, access to the Internet, the person who did the search, and the hernia type were the recorded parameters at the first stage. Then the answers for three main questions were taken: “Did you make a search about your hernia?”, “Did you make a search about your surgeon?”, “Would you prefer another surgeon if you could?”. Results 139 patients were included. 86% of all participants were Internet users. 62% of the patients made an Internet search about their hernias. 57% made a search in order to find a proper surgeon. 10% of the patients stated that they would like to go to another surgeon for the hernia repair if it was possible. Internet search rate was significantly higher in younger patients (16-40 y) in comparison with older patients. The higher the education level of the patients the higher the rate of making Internet searches. Patients who live in the cities more frequently made Internet searches than those in towns or villages. Conclusions Less than two thirds of the hernia patients make Internet search about their disease. Higher education level, younger age and living in a city positively affect Internet search rates.

Two case studies of very long-term retention

Here, we present two case studies of extremely long-term retention. In the first, Richard C. Atkinson (RCA) had learned word sequences during experiments for his dissertation. Sixty-seven years later, RCA relearned the same words either in the original order or in a scrambled order. RCA reported no conscious awareness that the words were those used in the dissertation, but his relearning was considerably better for the words in the original order. In the second case study, Denis Cousineau had searched displays of objects for the presence of a target. The targets and foils had been novel at the beginning of training, and his search rate improved markedly over about 70 sessions. After 22 years, retraining showed retention of much of this gain in rate of search, and the rate was markedly faster than search for new objects with the same structure as the trained set. We consider interpretations of these case studies for our understanding of long-term retention.

CNN-LSTM Learning Approach-Based Complexity Reduction for High-Efficiency Video Coding Standard

High-Efficiency Video Coding provides a better compression ratio compared to earlier standard, H.264/Advanced Video Coding. In fact, HEVC saves 50% bit rate compared to H.264/AVC for the same subjective quality. This improvement is notably obtained through the hierarchical quadtree structured Coding Unit. However, the computational complexity significantly increases due to the full search Rate-Distortion Optimization, which allows reaching the optimal Coding Tree Unit partition. Despite the many speedup algorithms developed in the literature, the HEVC encoding complexity still remains a crucial problem in video coding field. Towards this goal, we propose in this paper a deep learning model-based fast mode decision algorithm for HEVC intermode. Firstly, we provide a deep insight overview of the proposed CNN-LSTM, which plays a kernel and pivotal role in this contribution, thus predicting the CU splitting and reducing the HEVC encoding complexity. Secondly, a large training and inference dataset for HEVC intercoding was investigated to train and test the proposed deep framework. Based on this framework, the temporal correlation of the CU partition for each video frame is solved by the LSTM network. Numerical results prove that the proposed CNN-LSTM scheme reduces the encoding complexity by 58.60% with an increase in the BD rate of 1.78% and a decrease in the BD-PSNR of -0.053 dB. Compared to the related works, the proposed scheme has achieved a best compromise between RD performance and complexity reduction, as proven by experimental results.

Stability Analysis of Delayed Age-Structured Resource-Consumer Model of Population Dynamics With Saturated Intake Rate

This article studies nonlinear n-resource-consumer autonomous system with age-structured consumer population. The model of consumer population dynamics is described by a delayed transport equation, and the dynamics of resource patches are described by ODE with saturated intake rate. The delay models the digestion period of generalist consumer and is included in the calorie intake rate, which impacts the consumer’s fertility and mortality. Saturated intake rate models the inhibition effect from the behavioral change of the resource patches when they react to the consumer population growing or from the crowding effect of the consumer. The conditions for the existence of trivial, semi-trivial, and non-trivial equilibria and their local asymptotic stability were obtained. The local asymptotic stability/instability of non-trivial equilibrium of a system with depleted patches is defined by new derived criteria, which relate the demographic characteristics of consumers with their search rate, growth rate of resource in patches, and behavioral change of the food resource when consumer population grows. The digestion period of a generalist consumer does not cause local asymptotical instabilities of consumer population at the semi-trivial and nontrivial equilibria. These theoretical results may be used in the study of metapopulation dynamics, desert locust populations dynamics, prey-predator interactions in fisheries, etc. The paper uses numerical experiments to confirm and illustrate all dynamical regimes of the n-resource-consumer population.

Assessing the learning and transfer of gaze behaviours in immersive virtual reality

Virtual reality (VR) has clear potential for improving simulation training in many industries. Yet, methods for testing the fidelity, validity and training efficacy of VR environments are, in general, lagging behind their adoption. There is limited understanding of how readily skills learned in VR will transfer, and what features of training design will facilitate effective transfer. Two potentially important elements are the psychological fidelity of the environment, and the stimulus correspondence with the transfer context. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of VR for training police room searching procedures, and assessed the corresponding development of perceptual-cognitive skill through eye-tracking indices of search efficiency. Participants (n = 54) were assigned to a VR rule-learning and search training task (FTG), a search only training task (SG) or a no-practice control group (CG). Both FTG and SG developed more efficient search behaviours during the training task, as indexed by increases in saccade size and reductions in search rate. The FTG performed marginally better than the CG on a novel VR transfer test, but no better than the SG. More efficient gaze behaviours learned during training were not, however, evident during the transfer test. These findings demonstrate how VR can be used to develop perceptual-cognitive skills, but also highlight the challenges of achieving transfer of training.

A novel optimal route planning algorithm for searching on the sea

ABSTRACT Emergency search and rescue on the sea is an important part of national emergency response for marine perils. Optimal route planning for maritime search and rescue is the key capability to reduce the searching time, improve the rescue efficiency, as well as guarantee the rescue target’s safety of life and property. The main scope of the searching route planning is to optimise the searching time and voyage within the constraints of missing search rate and duplicate search rate. This paper proposes an optimal algorithm for searching routes of large amphibious aircraft corresponding to its flight characteristics and sea rescue capability. This algorithm transforms the search route planning problem into a discrete programming problem and applies the route traceback indexes to satisfy the duplicate search rate and missing search rate.

Association between State Indoor Tanning Legislation and Google Search Trends Data from 2006 to 2019: Time Series Analysis (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun or indoor tanning is the cause of the majority of skin cancers. Though indoor tanning has decreased in recent years, it remains most common among adolescents and young adults, whose skin is particularly vulnerable to long-term damage. States have adopted several types of legislation to attempt to minimize indoor tanning by minors: ban of all minors from indoor tanning, partial minor ban by age (e.g., under 14 years old), or requiring parental consent or accompaniment for tanning. Currently, there are only six states with no indoor tanning legislation for minors. OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether internet searches (as an indicator of interest) related to indoor tanning varied across states by type of indoor tanning legislation, using data from Google Trends from 2006 to 2019. METHODS A time series analysis of Google Trends data on indoor tanning from 2006 to 2019 by US state was conducted. Time series linear regression models were created to assess the Google Trends data over time by type of indoor tanning legislation. RESULTS It was found that indoor tanning search rates decreased significantly for all 50 states and the District of Columbia over time. There was a peak in searches in 2012 when there was significant attention on indoor tanning (e.g., it was banned for all minors by the first state, California). The decreasing search rate was significantly greater for states with full minor bans compared to those with less restrictive types of legislation. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with other studies demonstrating the association between indoor tanning regulation and tanning attitudinal and behavioral trends. The main limitation of the study is that raw search data were not available for more precise analyses. As interest and norms change, indoor tanning and skin cancer risk among young people may change. Future work should continue to determine the impact of such public health policies in order to inform policy efforts and minimize risks to public health.

Functional Response and Intraspecific Competition in the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Functional responses of the fall armyworm (FAW) larvae at each stage, and their intraspecific competition associated with cannibalism, provide insights into developing pest management strategies for the FAW. To help use insecticides more sparingly, the functional response and intraspecific competition of the FAW larvae were evaluated under the laboratory conditions. The results showed that all stages of the FAW larvae displayed a type II functional response to diet. Based on Holling’s disc equation, the search rate (a) and handling time (Th) of sixth instar larvae (a = 0.493; Th = 0.37 min) were the highest, and the shortest of all larval stages, respectively. Intraspecific competition curves fitted the data for fourth to sixth larval stages of the FAW, and the coefficient of intraspecific competition (m) assessed by the intraspecific competition equation were highest for fifth instar larvae (m = 0.48). The present study indicates that 5th and 6th instar larvae can cause the most plant damage (accounted for 88.9% of larval consumption), and these stages should be the focus of any pest management strategy. Intraspecific competition, especially cannibalism, impacts the feeding patterns of the FAW larvae and needs close attention. Understanding the functional response and intraspecific competition of the FAW larvae contributes greatly to practical applications of insecticides, increasing the effectiveness of chemical sprays and decreasing ecological damage.