scholarly journals Estrogen Selectively Enhances TMJ Disc but Not Knee Meniscus Matrix Loss

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (13) ◽  
pp. 1532-1538
Author(s):  
Y. Park ◽  
S. Chen ◽  
N. Ahmad ◽  
T. Hayami ◽  
S. Kapila
Keyword(s):  
Significant Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Knee Meniscus ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Matrix Loss ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Meniscus Cells ◽  
Hormone Control ◽  
Mmp13 Expression

The preponderance of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) degenerative disorders in women and their early onset during reproductive years have implicated female sex hormones, particularly 17-β estradiol (E2), in the pathogenesis of these disorders. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which E2 contributes to TMJ degenerative disorders and the reasons for its targeted effects on the TMJ but not other joints remain poorly understood. Here, we developed an ovariectomized mouse model in which systemic E2 concentrations mimicked those in cycling women, and we determined the effect of E2 on the targeted turnover of TMJ fibrocartilage matrix via E2-induced matrix metalloproteinases MMP9 and MMP13. Infusion of E2 and progesterone (P4; hormone control) over 7 d resulted in 5- and 8-fold greater serum E2 and P4 levels relative to controls, respectively, achieving systemic hormone levels similar to high baseline levels in cycling women. Administration of E2 but not P4 caused a significant loss of TMJ collagen and glycosaminoglycans, which was accompanied by amplification of ERα and specific increases in MMP9 and MMP13 expression. This dose of E2 had no effect on knee meniscus fibrocartilage, demonstrating the specificity of the degradative effect of E2. Dose-response experiments showed a greater sensitivity and a higher peak induction of MMP9 and MMP13 in TMJ fibrocartilaginous cells than knee meniscus cells to E2, providing an explanation for the differential responses of these tissues to E2. Using MMP9- and MMP13-null mice, we observed no discernible effects of each proteinase individually to E2-mediated TMJ matrix loss but noted a significant compensatory reciprocal induction of each MMP by E2 in the absence of the other. The redundancy in E2’s induction of MMP9 and MMP13 suggests that the proteinases may together contribute to E2-mediated TMJ fibrocartilage loss. These results advance our understanding of E2-mediated upregulation of MMP9 and MMP13 on fibrocartilage matrix turnover targeted to the TMJ.

The use of heterologous radioimmunoassays for the measurement of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone concentrations in horse and donkey serum

1983 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Urwin
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Baseline Levels

Heterologous double-antibody radioimmunoassays were developed for the measurement of FSH and LH concentrations in the serum of both horses and donkeys. The FSH assay employed a rabbit anti-ovine FSH serum which showed a complete lack of cross-reaction with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) and negligible cross-reaction with equine LH. The LH assay utilized an antiserum raised against highly purified eCG. This similarly showed negligible cross-reaction with equine FSH but its high cross-reactivity with eCG prevented the measurement of equine LH concentrations in serum when eCG was also present. In both assays serial dilutions of horse and donkey serum were parallel to the standard. The assays were used to monitor changes in serum concentrations of FSH and LH during the first 100 days of pregnancy in pony mares and jenny donkeys. In both species during pregnancy LH levels reached a peak 1–2 days after ovulation. They then decreased rapidly to baseline levels where they remained until days 35–40 when the commencement of eCG production prevented their further measurement. Serum FSH concentrations, on the other hand, continued to fluctuate markedly throughout the first 100 days of pregnancy in both the ponies and donkeys. Pronounced surges in FSH levels occurred at regular intervals in some animals but the pattern of release was quite irregular in the others. The results of this study support the concept that it is continued pituitary FSH release, not eCG secretion, which is responsible for stimulating the secondary follicles which develop during early equine pregnancy. However, it appears likely that it is the LH-like activity of eCG which causes the subsequent ovulation and/or luteinization of these secondary follicles to produce accessory corpora lutea.

Disappearance of Meconium Pigment in Placental Specimens on Exposure to Light

2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 711-714
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn L. Morhaime ◽  
Kay Park ◽  
Kurt Benirschke ◽  
Rebecca N. Baergen
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Outcome ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Weak Expression ◽  
Fluorescent Lighting

Abstract Context.—Meconium discharge has been associated with fetal distress and poor neonatal outcome; thus, its presence is of clinical importance. Objective.—Loss of meconium pigment in histologic sections from light exposure has been described. We sought to confirm this finding and to measure this loss quantitatively. Design.—Sections of umbilical cord, fetal membranes, and fetal surface from 11 grossly meconium-stained placentas were processed swiftly to minimize light exposure. Two serial sections from each block were cut and stained; one set was reviewed immediately, and the other was exposed to 8 hours of direct fluorescent lighting. Each site and exposure was scored for pigment intensity (0, no staining; 1, weak expression; and 2, moderate/strong expression) and number of meconium-laden macrophages per 10 high-power fields (HPF). Results were compared on the same specimen using the χ2 and the paired-samples t test. Results.—The maximum meconium macrophage count was 13.2/10 HPF in the unexposed sections versus 6.1/10 HPF in the exposed sections (P < .001). Unexposed sections varied from 1+ to 2+ intensity, while exposed sections were all 1+ or negative (P < .001). Conclusion.—Exposure to fluorescent laboratory lights for 8 hours resulted in a significant loss in the intensity and number of identifiable meconium macrophages in histologic sections. These findings have important implications in the handling of placental specimens, and we recommend that care be taken to minimize exposure to laboratory lights during processing.

The Effect of RNA Inactivator(s) Synthesized from Cu2+ and Hydroquinone on Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Asaad N. Masoud ◽  
Moslih I. Al-Moslih ◽  
George R. Dubes
Keyword(s):  
Significant Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Rna Genome ◽  
Base Moiety

The RNA inactivator(s) synthesized from Cu2+ and hydroquinone reacts with ail four free bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. After 1 day at 23°C, losses of these bases averaged 66%, 39%, 97%, and 25%, respectively. In the controls with neither Cu2+ nor hydroquinone and with either one without the other, there was no significant loss of any of the bases, except for the possibly significant loss (14%) of adenine after incubation with Cu2+ without hydroquinone. L-Histidine, a chelator of Cu2+, protected all four bases against the inactivation. The hypothesis that the chemical target(s) for the inactivator(s) in monoribonucleotides and in the naked viral RNA genome is the base moiety(ies) is discussed.

Insanity is Decreasing: a Statistical Item Suggesting that

1896 ◽  
Vol 42 (176) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
T. A. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Acute Mania ◽  
Natural Order ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Definite Form ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Urban Character ◽  
The One

It has always appeared to me that the various figures that are supposed to indicate an increase of insanity are not only inconclusive, but do not really show anything of the sort, and that there are even some vague and indefinite indications that there is really a decrease in the annual production of insanity. Some years ago I tried to find some figures amongst the various statistics we possess that would throw some light on this point, but practically without success. It seemed that such increase in the annual admissions to asylums as was beyond that due to increase of population was more than accounted for by slighter (i.e., less demonstrative) cases of acute insanity and various forms of chronic, senile, and degenerative disorders being yearly sent to asylums more freely, but I could get no figures proving this. A somewhat suggestive fact in this direction is the often-made remark that acute mania is less abundant, melancholia more so than formerly; acute mania of an active (i.e., demonstrative) type was always sent to asylums pretty well up to its actual amount. Melancholia used to be very largely left at home or treated in workhouses. But where shall we find such facts embodied in figures. Acute mania of our statistics includes the milder as well as the more demonstrative cases, and so shows an increase just as the total figures do. There are, then, so far as I know, no figures showing the real annual occurrence of insanity that are comparable year by year. There are, indeed, no figures that give the actual annual production of insanity apart from chronic and recurrent cases. There are no figures of any definite form and intensity of acute insanity. True the Commissioners' Reports give us statistics of general paralysis, but this is precisely the one form of acute insanity that is not an insanity; that is, it belongs to a different natural order of diseases from the other diseases we mean by insanity. I have elsewhere stated that this always appears clearly on a comparison of the statistics of general paralysis with those of insanity proper, and the same opinion has been expressed by authorities who have approached the matter from a pathological and therapeutical standpoint. Its remarkable geographical distribution and its specially urban character equally show it to be different from the other insanities, which have no similar features. That this disease is increasing owing to the more and more urban character of our population affords no ground for assuming a similar progress in the true insanities. The annual recoveries must, however, be largely dependent on, and proportional to, the annually occurring cases, but will, of course, so regarded, be vitiated by the increase of population and by the increased admissions of milder forms of insanity and by the recoveries of recurrent cases.

Survival of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) After Exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Encapsulated in Flour Matrices2

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. McGuire ◽  
Robert L. Gillespie ◽  
Baruch S. Shasha
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Natural Infestation ◽  
Corn Plants

Two types of pregelatinized corn flour were used to produce granules containing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki and various additives for control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in the whorl of corn plants. Laboratory-reared larvae were applied to corn whorls in the greenhouse and field, and a high natural infestation occurred at one field site (Champaign). In the greenhouse and at all three field sites, five of these formulations were just as effective as Dipel 10G, a commercially available B. thuringiensis product, for control of European corn borer larvae. In all greenhouse studies and at one of the three field sites (Champaign), the dose of B. thuringiensis could be reduced by as much as 75% when a phagostimulant was added to flour granules without significant loss of corn borer control. The phagostimulant dose response was not observed at the other two field sites in which larval infestations were relatively low. Flour type had no significant effect on European corn borer control under greenhouse and field conditions. Greenhouse evaluations provided results significantly similar to results from two of the field sites indicating the usefulness of the technique. The data presented highlight the versatility and potential for using novel formulation techniques for enhancing the efficacy of B. thuringiensis.

Response Differentiation in Infants: A Sex Difference in Learning

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Vietze ◽  
Martha Foster ◽  
Steven Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Response Differentiation ◽  
Baseline Levels

A visual stimulus was made contingent upon free-operant directional head turns in 10-wk.-old infants. Male infants significantly increased their rate of head turns to the rewarded side while rate of turns in the nonrewarded direction did not change from baseline levels. Female infants, on the other hand, did not demonstrate conditioning. The finding of a significant sex difference in response differentiation is discussed in terms of previous research which suggests that sex differences in conditionability may be a function of mode of reinforcement.

IN-VITRO STEROIDOGENESIS OF NEWLY FORMED CORPORA LUTEA AND THE NON-LUTEAL OVARY IN THE RAT, RABBIT, HAMSTER AND GUINEA-PIG

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. TERRANOVA ◽  
S. K. SAIDAPUR ◽  
G. S. GREENWALD
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Antral Follicles ◽  
Baseline Levels

The steroidogenic abilities of the newly formed corpus luteum (8–10 h after ovulation) and the non-luteal ovary were compared in the guinea-pig, hamster, rabbit and rat using an invitro incubation technique. Histologically, newly formed rat corpora lutea (CL) were highly luteinized whereas the CL of the rabbit and guinea-pig were only partially luteinized. The CL of the hamster showed the least amount of luteinization. Serum progesterone was highest in the rat (18 ± 3 (s.e.m.) ng/ml). In the hamster, it was about 8 ng/ml, whereas in the rabbit and guinea-pig it was about 1 ng/ml. Serum androstenedione ranged between 0·5 and 1 ng/ml. Serum testosterone was lowest in the hamster (60 pg/ml) and highest in the rabbit (470 pg/ml), whereas in the rat and guinea-pig, testosterone levels were similar (about 240 pg/ml). Serum oestrogens were at baseline levels in all species. The CL of the rat exhibited considerably greater steroidogenic ability than the CL of the other species, producing 70 ± 6 ng progesterone/mg per h, 215 ± 14 pg androstenedione/mg per h, 49 ± 3 pg testosterone/mg per h, 3 pg oestrone/mg per h and 1 pg oestradiol/mg per h. Rabbit CL produced only progesterone (7 ± 2 ng/mg per h). Newly formed hamster CL produced none of the above steroids. In general, the ability of the CL to produce progesterone in vitro correlated with the degree of luteinization found by histological observation. Guinea-pig CL were embedded deeply in the ovary and could not be obtained without damage. Consequently, a portion of the ovary containing a corpus luteum was incubated. There was no difference in the steroid production by this portion of the ovary compared with the non-luteal ovary. The non-luteal ovary of the rat produced the highest amount of progesterone (10 ± 2 ng/mg per h). The guinea-pig non-luteal ovary produced about 5 ± 2 ng progesterone/mg per h, whereas the non-luteal ovary of the rabbit did not produce any. On the other hand, the hamster non-luteal ovary lost progesterone. Non-luteal ovaries from all species produced androgens. The non-luteal ovary of the guinea-pig contained especially large numbers of atretic antral follicles. The guinea-pig non-luteal ovary produced extremely large amounts of androstenedione (1110 ± 210 pg/mg per h) and testosterone (606 ± 154 pg/mg per h) compared with the amounts produced by the non-luteal ovary of the rat, hamster and rabbit. In the non-luteal ovary, interstitium and atretic antral follicles are the probable source of androgens. Oestrogen production by the non-luteal ovary was at baseline levels in the four species studied correlating with the absence of healthy antral follicles. The results indicate the extreme species differences that exist in ovarian function in the early postovulatory period.

The Forgetting of Instrument Flying Skills

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Mengelkoch ◽  
Jack A. Adams ◽  
Charles A. Gainer
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Principal Result ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Training ◽  
Flight Parameters

A laboratory study of forgetting was conducted, using an aircraft simulator as the research device. Two groups of subjects were used, with one group receiving twice the amount of original training as the other. The retention interval was four months for both groups. The principal result was that discrete procedural response sequences had statistically and practically significant loss over the retention interval, but proficiency in controlling flight parameters (tracking) and statistically significant losses in only some instances and never in operationally significant amounts.

scholarly journals In vitro regeneration of Anthurium andreanum cv. Nitta

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Islam ◽  
MMR Dewan ◽  
MHR Mukul ◽  
MA Hossain ◽  
F Khatun
Keyword(s):  
Root Elongation ◽  
In Vitro Regeneration ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Organogenesis ◽  
Shoot Initiation ◽  
Anthurium Andreanum ◽  
Hormone Control

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different combinations of NAA, IBA, and BAP on in vitro organogenesis of Anthurium andreanum cv. "Nitta" at the DEBTEC (Development of Biotechnology & Environmental Conservation Centre) Laboratory, Dhaka. Organogenesis from leaf mid rib to shoot initiation required 9.00 days and the best survivality was 80.00% percent at 30 DAI (Day after initiation) with the combination of 1 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BAP in MS media. Among the 20 hormone supplements, MS media containing 1 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BAP showed the highest shoot formation (68.30%), number of shoots/explant (3.37) and the longest shoot (4.65 cm) at 60 DAI. MS media without any hormone (control) showed the poorest performance in regeneration of shoots. On the other hand, MS media containing 1 mg/L IBA + 1 mg/L BAP showed the best performance in rooting of shoots (83.85%), highest number of roots (4.29/plantlet), root elongation (5.50 cm) were recorded at 60 DAI. Keywords: In vitro regeneration; Anthurium andreanum. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i2.5884Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(2) : 217-226, June 2010

Managing digital images with SEM viewer™

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
Lauraine Denault ◽  
Robin de la Parra ◽  
Claude von Roesgen
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Network System ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Significant Barrier

In 1992 Millipore's Corporate SEM Lab made the transition from conventional analog recording of images to digital acquisition and archival. Commonly requested images could be easily and reliably retrieved, without significant loss of image quality or resolution.In theory, digital images could be sent over a network to desktop PC's for review, (rather than producing hard copy of all images). Using established wide area network system, the scope of incorporating digital images significantly broadened. A significant barrier appeared in that the images were acquired using two different hardware/software packages, by two different SEMs (ISI DS130-C and ElectroScan ESEM). Although both generate TIFF images the "flavors" are somewhat different. The TIFF formats were incompatible because the tags used for magnification, micron bar, and descriptor line data were different. As a result, only the image itself generated from one program could be read by the other program, as with all available TIFF readers. Our dilemma was how to enable a single program to recognize and display all necessary information i.e., magnification, descriptor line, and the micron bar with the image.

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