Response Differentiation in Infants: A Sex Difference in Learning

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Vietze ◽  
Martha Foster ◽  
Steven Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Response Differentiation ◽  
Baseline Levels

A visual stimulus was made contingent upon free-operant directional head turns in 10-wk.-old infants. Male infants significantly increased their rate of head turns to the rewarded side while rate of turns in the nonrewarded direction did not change from baseline levels. Female infants, on the other hand, did not demonstrate conditioning. The finding of a significant sex difference in response differentiation is discussed in terms of previous research which suggests that sex differences in conditionability may be a function of mode of reinforcement.

Sex Differences in Privacy Preferences

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1239-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darhl M. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Female College ◽  
Privacy Preferences ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean

A Privacy Questionnaire was administered to 118 male and 142 female college students to determine differences in the patterns of privacy preferences between the sexes. The questionnaire contained factor scales for measuring six independent types of privacy. t-tests showed that the means for women were significantly higher than those for men in their preferences for Intimacy with Family and Intimacy with Friends. On the other hand, for Isolation the mean for men was significantly higher than that for women. There were no significant differences between the means for the two sexes on the remaining three dimensions, Reserve, Solitude, and Anonymity.

Effects of Hand Preference on the Sex Difference in Psychomotor Reminiscence

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1171-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Wild ◽  
R. B. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Inhibition Theory

Psychomotor reminiscence was investigated in 80 young adults as a function of sex, handedness, and hand employed in practice. Women reminisced more than men when practice was conducted with the preferred hand but not when it was conducted with the other hand. Hand preference was not a significant factor in men's reminiscence. Results were discussed within the context of reactive inhibition theory.

scholarly journals Perempuan Berpolitik dalam Perspektif Islam

Raheema ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rusnila Rusnila
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Life Politics

“Woman” undoubtedly becomes the most talked issue. The debate of this matter is not only about the sex differences but also about the existent role in the society. Furthermore, woman will be more striven when her existence being asked in publicly. Traditional thought considers the existence of woman by limiting the civilization. On the other hand, open minded and modernization trait lead the woman existence by describing her potential traits. As a part of life, politics is an entrance for women to develop their willingness to be more recognized in the society. Besides, there are theological issues which merge in the process of women recognizing in a political field.

scholarly journals Sex change in the plumage of brown leghorn capons following the injection of certain synthetic æstrus-producing compounds

1934 ◽  
Vol 114 (788) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Type ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Rats And Mice

It has been shown (Cook, Dodds, Hewett, and Lawson, p. 272) that certain phenanthrene and dibenzanthracene compounds are capable of causing all the known phenomena of œstrus when injected into overiectomized rats and mice. In order to investigate the actions of the compounds in another species it was decided to study their effects upon injection into capons. Any possible result of these injections was looked for in the modifications and growth of the comb and in the plumage. At the outset it may be stated that up to the present no acceleration of comb growth has been obtained from these compounds, but very definite alternations in the plumage have resulted from their injection. Amongst others, Juhn and Gustavson (1930, a ) have shown that œstrone is injected in sufficient quantity into Brown Leghorn capons regenerating feathers are female in type. For this reason it is usual, when dealing with this substance, to remove a number of feathers from certain regions ( e. g. wing, breast, and saddle) of the capons some time previous to the commencement of the injections. The sex differences in this breed are extremely well marked so that deviations in colour or structure from either sex type of feather during experimentation can be readily appreciated: in the female, all feathers, with the exception of the neck hackle, breast, and flight feathers, are rounded and of a brownish colur finely pencilled with black; the breast feathers are similiar in structure, but are salmon in colour. The male, on the other hand, is a more highly coloured bird; the red or orange saddle feathers are long, lanceolate, and deeply fringed, while those of the breast and wing bar are a solid black and unfringed, and approach more nearly in structure to the female type.

Contact Avoidance toward People with Stigmatized Attributes: Mate Choice

2011 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuaki Kawano ◽  
Takashi Hanari ◽  
Kimio Ito
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
University Students ◽  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Mate Selection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Other Hand

If contact avoidance is used to avoid harmful people, then this can play an important role when people choose a spouse, by eliminating undesirable people from the list of candidates. The purpose of this study was to reveal the sex difference in contact avoidance toward people with stigmatic attributes, who are therefore disadvantaged as spouse candidates. A total of 228 university students (101 men, 127 women) participated in the survey. Seven types of men and women with stigmatic characteristics were presented and the respondents asked how much they wanted to avoid contact with each type of person in eight physical contact situations. Female respondents wanted to avoid contact with stigmatized men more than with stigmatized women. On the other hand, male respondents showed comparable responses to both stigmatized men and women. The results were considered from the perspective of mate selection based on evolutionary psychology.

scholarly journals Pre-registration for "Sex difference in mate preference based on physical attractiveness in Japan: No longer present or still present?"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Hiraishi ◽  
Ayano Saito ◽  
Maki Nishio ◽  
Nayu Fujii ◽  
Takato Mori
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Japanese Sample

Since Buss (1989) initiated research in the field, sex differences in preferences for long-term mates have been extensively studied in evolutionary psychology. Numerous studies have reported robust sex differences such as: 1) a preference for a younger mate is stronger in men than women, 2) a preference for an older mate is stronger in women than men, 3) women value traits associated with resource acquisition, such as economic status and educational attainment, more highly than do men, and 4) men value physical attractiveness more highly than women. However, our replication of Bech-Sørensen & Pollet (2016) did not to show a significant sex difference in the preference for physical attractiveness among a Japanese sample while the other sex differences (age differences and resource acquisition abilities) were significant (Study 1). We designed study 2 to test if the non-significance reflected changes in the Japanese society or was an artifact of the item used to measure the preference for physical attractiveness. In this pre-reregistration, we will first report the results of study 1 and then propose the plan for study 2. (Preprint of the accepted manuscript can be found at https://psyarxiv.com/9hkbq).

Some Effects of Reward on the Strength of Position Stereotypes in the White Rat

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Knöpeelmacher
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Soluble Problem

Certain aspects of Maier's hypothesis that rigid behaviour stereotypes elicited in an insoluble problem situation are not explicable in terms of goal-motivated learning were tested thus: Forty-one white rats of Wistar stock were exposed to an insoluble problem in a water discrimination unit. Each of the twenty-four animals who formed position stereotypes was assigned to one of four groups. One of these groups served as a control and received no special treatment. Each of the remaining three experimental groups was given a different number of successively rewarded trials to the side of the stereotype. Finally, all groups were presented with a soluble problem, and the strengths of the stereotypes in each group observed in terms of the breaking of the stereotypes. It was found that the strength of the stereotype behaviour was directly proportional to the number of rewarded trials. None of the stereotypes was sufficiently rigid to meet Maier's criterion of “fixated” response patterns. More stereotypes were formed by males than females. On the other hand no sex differences appeared in the subsequent behaviour of animals who did form stereotypes. These results are interpreted as showing that stereotyped responses formed under conditions of the present experiment are not qualitatively different from learned responses.

EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POST-PUBERTAL GONADECTOMY ON SEX DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH, ADRENAL AND PITUITARY WEIGHTS OF HAMSTERS

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEIDI H. SWANSON
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Adrenal Hormones ◽  
Female Hamster ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
Continuous Presence

SUMMARY Unlike rats, the adult female hamster is heavier and longer than the male. The small size of the males appears to be dependent on the continuous presence of androgens, since castration before or after puberty results in an immediate acceleration of ponderal and linear growth, which is maintained until the female size is reached. The growth of females is not affected by gonadectomy. Another sexual dimorphism which is reversed in hamsters in comparison with rats is adrenal weight; males have heavier adrenals than females. Castration reduces both absolute and relative adrenal weights of males to the levels of females. It is possible that the sex difference in growth is mediated through a differential secretion of adrenal hormones. On the other hand, the sexual dimorphism in pituitary weights of hamsters is similar to rats; females have heavier pituitaries than males. This may reflect a sex difference in the pattern of gonadotrophin secretion, which may be similar in both species.

scholarly journals Sex difference in mate preference based on physical attractiveness in Japan: No longer present or still present?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Hiraishi ◽  
Ayano Saito ◽  
Maki Nishio ◽  
Nayu Fujii ◽  
Takato Mori
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Mate Preference ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Japanese Sample

Since Buss (1989) initiated research in the field, sex differences in preferences for long-term mates have been extensively studied in evolutionary psychology. Numerous studies have reported robust sex differences such as: 1) a preference for a younger mate is stronger in men than women, 2) a preference for an older mate is stronger in women than men, 3) women value traits associated with resource acquisition, such as economic status and educational attainment, more highly than do men, and 4) men value physical attractiveness more highly than women. However, our replication of Bech-Sørensen & Pollet (2016) did not to show a significant sex difference in the preference for physical attractiveness among a Japanese sample while the other sex differences (age differences and resource acquisition abilities) were significant (Study 1). We designed study 2 to test if the non-significance was an artifact of the item used to measure the preference for physical attractiveness. Study 2 showed that the sex differences were not statistically significant. In addition, the effect of sex was significantly smaller than the pre-determined smallest effect size of interest (SESOI). #Pre-registration of the study can be found at https://psyarxiv.com/acy9z

Sex differences and cross-immunity in DBA/2 mice infected with L. mexicana and L. major

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leishmania Mexicana ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cross Immunity

SummaryFemale DBA/2 mice were found to be highly resistant to Leishmania mexicana and rarely developed lesions even when inoculated subcutaneously with high numbers (5 × 106) of amastigotes. Male DBA/2 mice, on the other hand, were much more susceptible to this parasite and often developed non-healing lesions even when inoculated subcutaneously with comparatively few (5 × 104) amastigotes. Conversely, although both male and female DBA/2 mice developed ulcerating lesions when inoculated subcutaneously with L. major amastigotes, lesions invariably healed in males but did not heal in females. Male DBA/2 mice recovered from L. major infection subsequently were found to be resistant to subcutaneous challenge with L. mexicana. Conversely female DBA/2 mice that had failed to develop lesions when infected with L. mexicana developed lesions which healed following subcutaneous challenge with L. major. Thus there is bilateral cross-immunity between L. mexicana and L. major in DBA/2 mice which overrides differences in sex-determined susceptibility to both organisms.

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