Observation: A Vehicle for Generating Information between Partners in Problem Solving

1976 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Jonathan Clark ◽  
Pierre Johannet
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Problem Resolution ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Search For Information ◽  
Direct Encounter

The individual employs two basic sources for perception: direct experience and the interpretations of the culture. Natural processes can lead individuals who seek to resolve problems together to excessive reliance on socialized perceptions while overlooking valuable direct experience. As the partners establish assumptions, they may prematurely cease the search for information which could lead to a new perspective on the problem. A cycle is mobilized in which information generated by direct encounter fails to check powerful assumptions. The authors offer an observational model through which partners share both their experiences and their interpretations of these experiences. The model is designed to reduce the power of assumptions and to restore the influence of direct experience in problem resolution.

An Experiment in Problem Solving

1951 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
The Individual

Trial-and-error problems are described in terms of “stimulus” difficulty, which is a measure of the number of possible modes of response left to the individual when all the information given is taken into account; and “phenomenal” difficulty, which is a measure derived from the individual's performance. An experiment is described in which three types of problem were presented to human subjects. In all three problems the stimulus difficulty was calculable, stage by stage, in the solution. The problems differed in this stimulus difficulty and also in the qualitative nature of the information provided—from unequivocal to conditional. It is shown that the qualitative difference of the nature of the information bears most relationship to phenomenal difficulty. Some observations are made on the modes of solution adopted, and further experimental work is suggested.

Perceived agenda-setting effect in international context: Impact of media coverage on American audience’s perception of China

2020 ◽  
pp. 174804852098402
Author(s):  
Linsen Su ◽  
Xigen Li
Keyword(s):  
Agenda Setting ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Political Interest ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
International Context ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Comparison Approach ◽  
The Individual

Different from the conventional content-survey result comparison approach in agenda-setting research, which compares media agenda and public agenda at the aggregated level, this study investigates the perceived agenda-setting effect of media at the individual level in an international context. A survey of American respondents (N = 848) identifies perceived agenda-setting effect from individuals’ cognitive process, and finds that the U.S. audience are aware that their perception of China is shaped by media coverage of China-related topics. The study finds that media use, political interest in China, and media trust positively predict perceived agenda-setting effect, while direct experience with China produces no effect. The study also confirms the effect of media use on perceived agenda-setting effect mediated by political interest.

Acquisition versus greenfield in Colombia: Reviewing the effect of cultural distance and vicarious experience

2022 ◽  
pp. 147059582110644
Author(s):  
Mario Martínez-Avella ◽  
Ángela Alarcón-León ◽  
Giovanni Hernández-Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Vicarious Experience ◽  
Entry Modes ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Individual

The relation between the cultural distance and the firm’s entry modes to foreign countries has received considerable research attention, and studies have shown the role of experience in this relation. However, previous research has only studied direct experience and neglected the study of vicarious experience. Using a sample of 355 foreign companies that entered Colombia (2007–2017), this research reviews the effect of cultural distance on entry mode choice (e.g., Acquisition vs. Greenfield) and examines the moderating role of vicarious experience in this relationship. The study concludes that the cultural distance positively affects the entry probability by acquisition, and the vicarious experience negatively affects this relationship in four cultural dimensions. If firms have vicarious experience, the effect of cultural distance on the acquisition probability is less and positively influences the entry probability by Greenfield when the cultural distance is in power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and long-term orientation. Nevertheless, vicarious experience has the opposite effect when considering the masculinity dimension. Consequently, we highlight the importance of considering vicarious experience as a different variable of direct experience and the individual effects of cultural distance dimensions for cross-cultural studies in management.

Under-promising and over-delivering: pleasing the customer or strategic blunder?

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 720-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer Topaloglu ◽  
David E. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implication ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Expectation Management ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Service Expectation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Promise Keeping

Purpose The paper aims to provide a theoretical and empirical examination of the relationship between service expectation management, expectation inducing agent and customer satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach Based on the disconfirmation paradigm in services and the promise-keeping premise in psychology, the hypotheses are developed and empirically tested using three experiments that manipulated expectations, expectation inducing agent and service outcome. Findings The findings provide reconciliation to the previous studies in services and show that effectiveness of expectation management strategy depends on the individual expectation thresholds and the expectation inducing agent. If customers patronize a firm expecting more, then over-delivering on the service promise results in a significant benefit. However, for those customers whose mental expectation threshold is exceeded, keeping promises is as effective as exceeding promises. Practical implications The practical implication of this paper is that services managers should be cognizant of the mental expectation threshold of customers and be wise in utilizing the under-promise, over-deliver strategy. Originality/value Using a threshold approach, this paper introduces a new perspective to service practitioners who are trying to manage expectations in a highly variable business environment. It also benefits service researchers who are trying to enhance the understanding of service expectation management.

scholarly journals Artificial General Intelligence: A New Perspective, with Application to Scientific Discovery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Khalili
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Discovery Process ◽  
Artificial General Intelligence ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
High Level ◽  
Open The Doors

The dream of building machines that have human-level intelligence has inspired scientists for decades. Remarkable advances have been made recently; however, we are still far from achieving this goal. In this paper, I propose an alternative perspective on how these machines might be built focusing on the scientific discovery process which represents one of our highest abilities that requires a high level of reasoning and remarkable problem-solving ability. By trying to replicate the procedures followed by many scientists, the basic idea of the proposed approach is to use a set of principles to solve problems and discover new knowledge. These principles are extracted from different historical examples of scientific discoveries. Building machines that fully incorporate these principles in an automated way might open the doors for many advancements.

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