Under the Law: Weighing responsibility for providing equitable and adequate education

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 74-75
Author(s):  
Julie Underwood
Keyword(s):  
School Funding ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Funding Equity ◽  
Adequate Education ◽  
Civic Skills ◽  
Federal Case ◽  
And Control

Questions of responsibility for school funding often hinge on our definitions of community. Historically, in the United States, the community that is responsible for education is the local one, but over time, states have taken more responsibility, particularly in the area of funding. In this column, Julie Underwood considers how questions of responsibility and control have played out in the courts at the federal and state levels. There is no federal right to education, and so much of the litigation related to questions of funding equity has occurred at the state level, with different results in different states. A recent federal case, Cook v. Raimondo, however, seeks to establish that students have a right to an education that provides them with certain civic skills needed to participate in the democratic process.

Air Emissions from the Incineration of Hazardous Waste

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Timothy Oppelt
Keyword(s):  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
State Level ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Emissions ◽  
Operational Experience ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

In the United States over the last ten years, concern over important disposal practices of the past has manifested itself in the passage of a series of federal and state-level hazardous waste cleanup and control statutes of unprecedented scope. The impact of these various statutes will be a significant modification of waste management practices. The more traditional and lowest cost methods of direct landfilling, storage in surface impoundments and deep-well injection will be replaced, in large measure, by waste minimization at the source of generation, waste reuse, physical/chemical/biological treatment, incinceration and chemical stabilization/solidification methods. Of all of the “terminal” treatment technologies, properly-designed incineration systems are capable of the highest overall degree of destruction and control for the broadest range of hazardous waste streams. Substantial design and operational experience exists and a wide variety of commercial systems are available. Consequently, significant growth is anticipated in the use of incineration and other thermal destruction methods. The objective of this paper is to examine the current state of knowledge regarding air emissions from hazardous waste incineration in an effort to put the associated technological and environmental issues into perspective.

scholarly journals States as Sites of Educational (In)Equality: State Contexts and the Socioeconomic Achievement Gradient

AERA Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 233285841987245
Author(s):  
Heewon Jang ◽  
Sean F. Reardon
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Funding Equity ◽  
Income Segregation ◽  
Enrollment Patterns ◽  
Education Data ◽  
Socioeconomic Achievement ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Preschool Enrollment

Socioeconomic achievement gaps have long been a central focus of educational research. However, not much is known about how (and why) between-district gaps vary among states, even though states are a primary organizational level in the decentralized education system in the United States. Using data from the Stanford Education Data Archive (SEDA), this study describes state-level socioeconomic achievement gradients and the growth of these gradients from Grades 3 to 8. We also examine state-level correlates of the gradients and their growth, including school system funding equity, preschool enrollment patterns, the distribution of teachers, income inequality, and segregation. We find that socioeconomic gradients and their growth rates vary considerably among states, and that between-district income segregation is positively associated with the socioeconomic achievement gradient.

The Inadequate Right to Education

2019 ◽  
pp. 65-83
Author(s):  
Kristine L. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Courts ◽  
National Context ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
State Reform ◽  
State Education ◽  
Opportunity Gaps

In this chapter, Kristine Bowman continues this volume’s exploration of why a federal right to education would be beneficial. She explores state-level obstacles to closing educational opportunity gaps that explain why the United States should not solely rely on state courts or legislatures to remedy inequitable and inadequate state education systems. At the state level, weak or unenforceable rights to education, limited fiscal capacity, and the absence of sufficient political will too often intersect in ways that undermine educational opportunity and leave many schoolchildren without an effective avenue for relief. Bowman focuses on Michigan as a case study to understand these dynamics and also situates Michigan’s experience in a national context that sheds light on the limitations of state reform.

scholarly journals State-level needs for social distancing and contact tracing to contain COVID-19 in the United States 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihsueh A. Chiu ◽  
Rebecca Fischer ◽  
Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Starting in mid-May 2020, many US states began relaxing social distancing measures that were put in place to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. To evaluate the impact of relaxation of restrictions on COVID-19 dynamics and control, we developed a transmission dynamic model and calibrated it to US state-level COVID-19 cases and deaths. We used this model to evaluate the impact of social distancing, testing and contact tracing on the COVID-19 epidemic in each state. As of July 22, 2020, we found only three states were on track to curtail their epidemic curve. Thirty-nine states and the District of Columbia may have to double their testing and/or tracing rates and/or rolling back reopening by 25%, while eight states require an even greater measure of combined testing, tracing, and distancing. Increased testing and contact tracing capacity is paramount for mitigating the recent large-scale increases in U.S. cases and deaths.

scholarly journals Megamedia

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Kevin McCarron
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Media Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
True Diversity ◽  
The Media ◽  
And Control

The uncompromising subtitle of Dean Alger's Megamedia makes his position onmedia monopoly absolutely clear. Although Alger has an impressive academicbackground, the book is intended for an intelligent general audience as well as forthose with more specialist or professional interests in media and public affairs.Underlying the book is Alger's fierce commitment to the First Amendment to theU.S. Constitution, which he regards as "the prime pillar of the Bill of Rights" (p.1). Alger notes that the news merua are absolutely central to the functioning ofdemocracy, while entertainment and other features and programs in the massmedia have powerful effects on society more generally. For Alger, the essence ofthe First Amendment's central provision is to ensure that the principal sources ofinformation and ideas directed at the public are genuinely independent and diverse voices which will maintain and promote a healthy democratic society. He writes.‘We should be greatly concerned if much or most of the main media fall increasinglyunder the control of a small number of giant corporations and extremelywealthy and willful people, especially when such people are inclined to use thepowerful media of mass communication for their own political and ecofKlmic pur-Of course for Alger there is no “if.” Megumedia is a highly readable aocount ofhow it in fact did happen, the implications of the m n t situation, and the implicationsfor democracy should the present process not be stopped. The book is clearlywritten and coherently structured. Composed of nine chapters, each one is logicallyconnected to its predecessor: chapter one details the growth of “megamedia,”chapter two investigates the meaning of democracy and the ways in which developmentsin the mass media affect the democratic process, chapter three offers adetailed account of the structure of ownership and control of the media, chapterfour reviews the key elements of the 1996 Telecommunications Act, which significantlychanged telephone and mass media law in the United States, chapters fiveand six discuss and analyze the consequences of the patterns of ownership and controlof the media, chapter six focuses on news operations that are part of conglomeratesand other large multimedia corporations, chapter seven examines megamediapatterns in various nations around the world, chapter eight attempts to put inperspective the patterns and trends in the ownership and control of the mass mediaand their relation to our societies and the democratic process, and chapter nine discussesa number of ways to assure a true diversity of independent sources of newsand opinion ...

When Temporal Orbits Collide: Embodied Trans Temporalities in U.S. Prisons

Somatechnics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rae Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Prison Industrial Complex ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
And Control

This paper explores trans temporalities through the experiences of incarcerated trans feminine persons in the United States. The Prison Industrial Complex (PIC) has received increased attention for its disproportionate containment of trans feminine persons, notably trans women of colour. As a system of domination and control, the PIC uses disciplinary and heteronormative time to dominate the bodies and identities of transgender prisoners by limiting the ways in which they can express and experience their identified and embodied genders. By analyzing three case studies from my research with incarcerated trans feminine persons, this paper illustrates how temporality is complexly woven through trans feminine prisoners' experiences of transitioning in the PIC. For incarcerated trans feminine persons, the interruption, refusal, or permission of transitioning in the PIC invites several gendered pasts into a body's present and places these temporalities in conversation with varying futures as the body's potential. Analyzing trans temporalities reveals time as layered through gender, inviting multiple pasts and futures to circulate around and through the body's present in ways that can be both harmful to, and necessary for, the assertion and survival of trans feminine identities in the PIC.

Applicability of management guidelines for surfing resources in California

Shore & Beach ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Edward Atkin ◽  
Dan Reineman ◽  
Jesse Reiblich ◽  
David Revell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Surf breaks are finite, valuable, and vulnerable natural resources, that not only influence community and cultural identities, but are a source of revenue and provide a range of health benefits. Despite these values, surf breaks largely lack recognition as coastal resources and therefore the associated management measures required to maintain them. Some countries, especially those endowed with high-quality surf breaks and where the sport of surfing is accepted as mainstream, have recognized the value of surfing resources and have specific policies for their conservation. In Aotearoa New Zealand surf breaks are included within national environmental policy. Aotearoa New Zealand has recently produced Management Guidelines for Surfing Resources (MGSR), which were developed in conjunction with universities, regional authorities, not-for-profit entities, and government agencies. The MGSR provide recommendations for both consenting authorities and those wishing to undertake activities in the coastal marine area, as well as tools and techniques to aid in the management of surfing resources. While the MGSR are firmly aligned with Aotearoa New Zealand’s cultural and legal frameworks, much of their content is applicable to surf breaks worldwide. In the United States, there are several national-level and state-level statutes that are generally relevant to various aspects of surfing resources, but there is no law or policy that directly addresses them. This paper describes the MGSR, considers California’s existing governance frameworks, and examines the potential benefits of adapting and expanding the MGSR in this state.

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