General Risk and Need, Gender Specificity, and the Recidivism of Female Offenders

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jill Rettinger ◽  
D. A. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Neutral Theory ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Feminist Perspectives ◽  
Gender Specific

The study examined the predictive performance of social cognitive variables derived from a gender-neutral theory of criminal behavior in relation to several variables suggested as relevant by feminist perspectives. Multivariate analyses revealed that eight gender-neutral risk factors—assessed via the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI)—performed very well in the prediction of the general and violent recidivism of more than 400 adult female offenders. None of the gender-specific factors, including parenting responsibility and stress, victimization history, and self-harm, had incremental validity over the gender-neutral risk and need variables. However, financial problems and a measure of personal misfortune did predict reoffending among low-risk/low-need women. The findings suggest that risk factors derived from a gender-neutral social cognitive theory of crime are relevant for adult females and that perhaps gender-specific concerns may be best viewed as specific responsivity factors.

Is Man the Measure of All Things? A Social Cognitive Account of Androcentrism

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
April H. Bailey ◽  
Marianne LaFrance ◽  
John F. Dovidio
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Gender Specific

Androcentrism refers to the propensity to center society around men and men’s needs, priorities, and values and to relegate women to the periphery. Androcentrism also positions men as the gender-neutral standard while marking women as gender-specific. Examples of androcentrism include the use of male terms (e.g., he), images, and research participants to represent everyone. Androcentrism has been shown to have serious consequences. For example, women’s health has been adversely affected by over-generalized medical research based solely on male participants. Nonetheless, relatively little is known about androcentrism’s proximate psychological causes. In the present review, we propose a social cognitive perspective arguing that both social power and categorization processes are integral to understanding androcentrism. We present and evaluate three possible pathways to androcentrism deriving from (a) men being more frequently instantiated than women, (b) masculinity being more “ideal” than femininity, and/or (c) masculinity being more common than femininity.

The Magician, the Savior, and the Cyborg

2021 ◽  
pp. 194-212
Author(s):  
Lucia-Mihaela Grosu-Rădulescu
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Harry Potter ◽  
His Dark Materials ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Behavioral Psychology ◽  
Visual Text ◽  
Gender Specific

The chapter analyses female protagonists in recent young adult movies with a focus on the educational side of such productions. The text approaches femininity and empowerment of three well-known heroines: Hermione (from the Harry Potter series), Lyra (from His Dark Materials Season 1 TV series), and Alita (from Alita: Battle Angel). The chapter centers on the roles played by the three characters in the economy of the respective cinematic productions and on how their girlhood is framed by the visual text. The author's purpose is to unearth interpretations of gender-specific roles that impact the young viewers and their understanding of femininity. The chapter intends to open a conversation about the implication of possible worlds theory and social cognitive theory in interpreting depictions of girlhood in fantasy and Sci-Fi young adult movies. From the magician (Hermione) to the (supernatural) savior (Lyra) and ending with the cyborg (Alita), the analysis will also take into account tenets of feminism, Techno Feminism, and behavioral psychology.

scholarly journals Status and Risk Factors of Chinese Teenagers’ Exposure to Cyberbullying

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402110566
Author(s):  
Shuhuan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Current State ◽  
Individual School

The debate over teenagers’ exposure to cyberbullying has aroused broad public concern, but there are few nationwide empirical studies on teen cyberbullying in China. Based on social cognitive theory, this study analyzes the current state of cyberbullying among Chinese teenagers using a questionnaire survey ( N = 1,538) distributed to teenagers in eastern, central, and western regions of China. The results suggest that 18.1% ( N = 279) of respondents reported having bullied someone and 54.6% ( N = 839) reported having been bullied online, and that age, gender, individual school performance, and risky online behaviors may predict different cyberbullying behaviors. Enhancing teenagers’ awareness of the importance of protecting their personal information is critical, along with implementing social protective measures to contain cyberbullying.

Examining Gender-Specific and Gender-Neutral Risk Factors in Women Who Sexually Offend

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan A. Marshall ◽  
Holly A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sexually Offended ◽  
Victimization History ◽  
Gender Specific

Research on justice-involved women has provided evidence for the importance of using gender-specific information in the assessment, treatment, and understanding of criminal pathways and risk of recidivism in women who have committed offenses. Although research on women who have sexually offended suggests there are differences between men and women who sexually offend, no studies have compared gender-specific and gender-neutral factors to predict recidivism with this group. The current study provided an examination of gender-specific and gender-neutral recidivism risk factors in a sample of 225 women who had sexually offended and were subsequently released from custody with an average follow-up time of about 5 years. Results of the study indicate gender-specific factors, such as mental illness symptoms and victimization history, are demonstrative of risk of reoffense in women who sexually offend. These findings provide implications for future research regarding risk assessment and more effective application of treatment for this understudied population.

How “Specific” Are Gender-Specific Rehabilitation Needs? An Empirical Analysis

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1382-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Heilbrun ◽  
David DeMatteo ◽  
Ralph Fretz ◽  
Jacey Erickson ◽  
Kento Yasuhara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Community Reentry ◽  
Male Offenders ◽  
Rehabilitation Needs ◽  
Financial Deficits ◽  
Gender Specific

There has been relatively little empirical research on the distinctive characteristics and needs of female offenders that could help guide rehabilitative approaches that are gender specific. This study considered a sample of female offenders ( N = 886) and male offenders ( N = 1,435) who had been released from incarceration and provided with assessment services as part of the community reentry process. Comparisons were conducted using the employment, companions, and financial domains of the Level of Service Inventory (LSI-R and LS-CMI). Female offenders received significantly higher ratings in companion and financial deficits, consistent with some prior research suggesting that social and financial risk factors for offending may be more substantial in women. Implications for research and the practice of gender-specific rehabilitation approaches are discussed.

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