How “Specific” Are Gender-Specific Rehabilitation Needs? An Empirical Analysis

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1382-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Heilbrun ◽  
David DeMatteo ◽  
Ralph Fretz ◽  
Jacey Erickson ◽  
Kento Yasuhara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Community Reentry ◽  
Male Offenders ◽  
Rehabilitation Needs ◽  
Financial Deficits ◽  
Gender Specific

There has been relatively little empirical research on the distinctive characteristics and needs of female offenders that could help guide rehabilitative approaches that are gender specific. This study considered a sample of female offenders ( N = 886) and male offenders ( N = 1,435) who had been released from incarceration and provided with assessment services as part of the community reentry process. Comparisons were conducted using the employment, companions, and financial domains of the Level of Service Inventory (LSI-R and LS-CMI). Female offenders received significantly higher ratings in companion and financial deficits, consistent with some prior research suggesting that social and financial risk factors for offending may be more substantial in women. Implications for research and the practice of gender-specific rehabilitation approaches are discussed.

scholarly journals Gender differences in child to parent violence risk factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismael Loinaz ◽  
Lucía Barboni ◽  
Ava Ma de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Violence Risk ◽  
Personal Problems ◽  
Male Offenders ◽  
Male Perpetrators ◽  
Female Perpetrators ◽  
Factores De Riesgo

La violencia filio-parental (VFP) ha suscitado un enorme interés académico. Pese a ello, pocos estudios comparan los factores de riesgo de chicos y chicas implicados en estas agresiones a sus progenitores. El presente trabajo compara 56 chicos y 35 chicas agresores evaluados con la Guía para la Valoración del Riesgo de Violencia Filio-Parental (RVFP). Las chicas provenían de forma significativa de contextos más problemáticos (con bidireccionalidad de la violencia, violencia entre los progenitores, problemas de convivencia y problemas en los progenitores) y tenían significativamente menos autoestima. Los chicos presentaron significativamente más historial de problemas de abusos de sustancias y mayor escalada en la violencia. En conjunto, ambos sexos presentaban prevalencias similares en la mayoría de las variables, su violencia era comparable (aunque las lesiones a los padres fueron exclusivas de los chicos) y las familias eran más problemáticas en ellas. La predicción de las lesiones a la madre con la puntuación del RVFP fue significativa en el caso de los varones (AUC = ,842) pero no en el caso de ellas (AUC = ,660). Los resultados justifican el uso de tratamientos y herramientas comunes en chicos y chicas implicados en VFP, aunque se discuten desarrollos aún necesarios en la materia. Child-to-parent violence (CPV) has attracted enormous academic interest. Despite this, few studies compare the risk factors between female and male perpetrators of this abuse toward parents. This paper compares 56 male and 35 female CPV offenders, evaluated with the Child-to-Parent Violence Risk assessment tool (CPVR). Results show that girls came from significantly more problematic contexts (with bidirectionality of violence, violence between parents, cohabitation problems and personal problems of parents, and had significantly lower self-esteem. Boys had significantly more histories of substance abuse issues and greater rates of escalation of violence. Overall, both sexes had similar prevalence rates for most variables, the type of violence committed was comparable (although injuries toward fathers were only perpetrated by boys), and female perpetrators had more problematic families than their male counterparts. CPVR scores significantly predicted injuries toward the mother for male offenders (AUC = .842), but not for female offenders (AUC = .660). These results support the use of common treatments and tools for female and male CPV offenders. Future steps and developments in the field are also discussed.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Female Solo and Female Co-Offenders and Male Solo Sexual Offenders Against Children

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Williams ◽  
Steven M. Gillespie ◽  
Ian A. Elliott ◽  
Hilary J. Eldridge
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Personal Problems ◽  
Male Offenders ◽  
Sexual Dissatisfaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gender Specific

Studies have highlighted differences in the victim choice, offender, and offense characteristics of female and male sexual offenders. However, little is known about how solo and co-offending females differ from solo male sexual offenders. We compared the characteristics of 20 solo and 20 co-offending females (co-offended with a male and/or female accomplice), and 40 male sexual offenders against children. We found that solo female offenders showed the most evidence of personal problems, including depression and sexual dissatisfaction. Compared with male offenders, female co-offenders showed poorer self-management, but better sexual self-regulation. Male offenders had a greater history of offending and showed more evidence of sexual abuse supportive cognitions relative to both solo and co-offending females. These results are consistent with the need for a gender-specific approach to working with sexual offenders and may have implications for understanding the often complex treatment needs of these clients.

General Risk and Need, Gender Specificity, and the Recidivism of Female Offenders

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jill Rettinger ◽  
D. A. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Neutral Theory ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Feminist Perspectives ◽  
Gender Specific

The study examined the predictive performance of social cognitive variables derived from a gender-neutral theory of criminal behavior in relation to several variables suggested as relevant by feminist perspectives. Multivariate analyses revealed that eight gender-neutral risk factors—assessed via the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI)—performed very well in the prediction of the general and violent recidivism of more than 400 adult female offenders. None of the gender-specific factors, including parenting responsibility and stress, victimization history, and self-harm, had incremental validity over the gender-neutral risk and need variables. However, financial problems and a measure of personal misfortune did predict reoffending among low-risk/low-need women. The findings suggest that risk factors derived from a gender-neutral social cognitive theory of crime are relevant for adult females and that perhaps gender-specific concerns may be best viewed as specific responsivity factors.

scholarly journals Women’s Cardiac Health in 2020: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 104-110
Author(s):  
Fabiola B. Sozzi ◽  
Marta Belmonte ◽  
Marco Schiavone ◽  
Ciro Canetta ◽  
Rakesh Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Gender Specific

AbstractAlthough substantial progress has been made toward improving gender- and sex-specific cardiovascular disease (CVD) management and outcomes, contemporary reports indicate a persistent knowledge gap with regard to optimal risk-stratification and management in female cardiac heart disease (CHD) patients. Prominent patient and system delays in diagnosing CHD are, in part, due to the limited awareness for the latent CVD risk in women, a lack of sex-specific thresholds within clinical guidelines, and subsequent limited performance of contemporary diagnostic approaches in women. Several traditional risk factors for CHD affect both women and men. But other factors can play a bigger role in the development of heart disease in women. In addition, little is known about the influence of socioenvironmental and contextual factors on gender-specific disease manifestation and outcomes. It is imperative that we understand the mechanisms that contribute to worsening risk factors profiles in young women to reduce future atherosclerotic CVD morbidity and mortality. This comprehensive review focuses on the novel aspects of cardiovascular health in women and sex differences as they relate to clinical practice and prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CVD. Increased recognition of the prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and their differential impact in women, as well as emerging nontraditional risk factors unique to or more common in women, contribute to new understanding mechanisms, leading to worsening outcome for women.

scholarly journals Numerical estimates of risk factors contingent on credit ratings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Gärtner ◽  
S. Kaniovski ◽  
Y. Kaniovski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Credit Rating ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Adverse Outcome ◽  
Credit Ratings ◽  
Industry Sector ◽  
Random Events ◽  
Historical Transition ◽  
Industry Sectors

AbstractAssuming a favorable or an adverse outcome for every combination of a credit class and an industry sector, a binary string, termed as a macroeconomic scenario, is considered. Given historical transition counts and a model for dependence among credit-rating migrations, a probability is assigned to each of the scenarios by maximizing a likelihood function. Applications of this distribution in financial risk analysis are suggested. Two classifications are considered: 7 non-default credit classes with 6 industry sectors and 2 non-default credit classes with 12 industry sectors. We propose a heuristic algorithm for solving the corresponding maximization problems of combinatorial complexity. Probabilities and correlations characterizing riskiness of random events involving several industry sectors and credit classes are reported.

scholarly journals Gender-Specific Risk Factors for the Development of Retinal Changes in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Marta Wysocka-Mincewicz ◽  
Joanna Gołębiewska ◽  
Marta Baszyńska-Wilk ◽  
Andrzej Olechowski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Retinal Thickness ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Specific Risk ◽  
Gender Specific

The aim of the study was to determine gender-specific risk factor sets which could influence optical coherence tomography (OCT) results in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Material and Methods: 175 children with T1D without symptoms of diabetic retinopathy were enrolled, but 330 eyes were used for the final analysis (168 children, mean age 12.81 ± 3.63 years, diabetes duration 4.59 ± 3.71 years). The multivariate regression models for retinal thickness (foveal FT, and parafoveal PFT) and vascular densities (superficial and deep) were carried out separately for both genders using all metabolic and demographic parameters. Results: In the statistically significant multiple regression models for all analyzed OCT parameters for both genders, pH at the onset of diabetes were in existence, as well as for retinal thickness current HbA1c. Duration of continuous insulin infusion (CSII) was an important factor in all parameters, except PFT. For the girls, the most significant factors were daily insulin dose, uric acid, and triglycerides, but for the boys, it was serum creatinine, systolic pressure, and free thyroxine level. Conclusions: We detected significant risk factors set for development of OCT parameters changes, and they were not identical for both genders. Current metabolic control, diabetic ketoacidosis at the disease onset, serum creatinine and longer use of CSII are the most important factors for retinal thickness and vessel densities in both genders in children with type 1 diabetes. For the girls, elements of metabolic syndrome (uric acid and triglycerides) and parameters of insulin amount were more pronounced.

scholarly journals Predictors of disordered eating in adolescence and young adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Shawel Abebe ◽  
Leila Torgersen ◽  
Lars Lien ◽  
Gertrud S. Hafstad ◽  
Tilmann von Soest
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Specific Risk ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Developmental Phases ◽  
Gender Specific

We investigated longitudinal predictors for disordered eating from early adolescence to young adulthood (12–34 years) across gender and different developmental phases among Norwegian young people. Survey data from a population-based sample were collected at four time points (T) over a 13-year time span. A population-based sample of 5,679 females and males at T1 and T2, 2,745 at T3 and 2,718 at T4 were included in analyses, and linear regression and random intercept models were applied. In adolescence, initial disordered eating and parental overprotectiveness were more strongly related to disordered eating among females, whereas loneliness was a stronger predictor for adolescent males. Initial disordered eating during early adolescence predicted later disordered eating more strongly in late- than mid-adolescence. In young adulthood, no significant gender-specific risk factors were found. The findings provide support for both shared and specific risk factors for the developmental psychopathology of disordered eating.

scholarly journals Gender-specific physical activity-related injuries and risk factors among university students in China: a multicentre population-based cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e040865
Author(s):  
Weicong Cai ◽  
Shangmin Chen ◽  
Liping Li ◽  
Pengying Yue ◽  
Xiaofan Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
University Students ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Gender Specific

ObjectivesData on the problem of physical activity-related injury (PARI) in university students and the risk factors for PARI among different genders are rare. We conducted a multicentre population-based study to investigate the occurrence of PARI and to explore the gender-specific risk factors for PARI among Chinese university students.DesignCross-sectional study.ParticipantsA total of 5341 students in grades 1–3 at eight universities in four Chinese cities were selected to complete the online questionnaires during March and April 2017. The questionnaires assessed sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity PA) involvement, sleep duration, sedentary behaviour and PARI experiences in the past 12 months.Main outcome measuresPARI during the past 12 months.ResultsAmong the 5341 participants, 1293 suffered from at least one PARI in the past 12 months, with an overall incidence rate of 24.2% (males: 26.2%, females: 23.2%) and an injury risk of 0.38 injuries/student/year (males: 0.48, females: 0.32). Over half of the injured (57.3%) experienced a withdrawal time of PA and nearly two-fifths (39.6%) required medical attention. Irrespective of gender, Shantou and Xi’an students, sports team members and those who engaged in sports and leisure-time vigorous-intensity PA (VPA) at a higher frequency were more likely to suffer from PARI. Male students who participated in sports and leisure-time VPA for long durations had a greater likelihood of sustaining PARI, while having a chronic condition and being involved in sports and leisure-time moderate-intensity PA at a higher frequency and longer duration were potential contributors to PARI among females.ConclusionsThe occurrence of PARI and its risk factors differed by gender, which provides a direction towards developing targeted and effective gender-specific preventative programmes to protect Chinese university students from PARI.

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