Examining Gender-Specific and Gender-Neutral Risk Factors in Women Who Sexually Offend

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan A. Marshall ◽  
Holly A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sexually Offended ◽  
Victimization History ◽  
Gender Specific

Research on justice-involved women has provided evidence for the importance of using gender-specific information in the assessment, treatment, and understanding of criminal pathways and risk of recidivism in women who have committed offenses. Although research on women who have sexually offended suggests there are differences between men and women who sexually offend, no studies have compared gender-specific and gender-neutral factors to predict recidivism with this group. The current study provided an examination of gender-specific and gender-neutral recidivism risk factors in a sample of 225 women who had sexually offended and were subsequently released from custody with an average follow-up time of about 5 years. Results of the study indicate gender-specific factors, such as mental illness symptoms and victimization history, are demonstrative of risk of reoffense in women who sexually offend. These findings provide implications for future research regarding risk assessment and more effective application of treatment for this understudied population.

scholarly journals Sex- and Gender-specific Risk Factors of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Population-based Cohort Study in Switzerland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline E Gebhard ◽  
Claudia Suetsch ◽  
Susan Bengs ◽  
Manja Deforth ◽  
Karl Philipp Buehler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Specific Risk ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

Background: Evidence to date indicates that mortality of acute coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is higher in men than in women. Conversely, women seem more likely to suffer from long-term consequences of the disease and pronounced negative social and economic impacts. Sex- and gender-specific risk factors of COVID-19-related long-term effects are unknown. Methods: We conducted a multicentre prospective observational cohort study of 5838 (44.6% women) individuals in Switzerland who were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA between February and December 2020. Of all surviving individuals who met the inclusion criteria, 2799 (1285 [45.9%] women) completed a follow-up questionnaire. Findings: After a mean follow-up time of 197±77 days, women more often reported at least one persistent symptom (43.0% vs 31.5%, p<0.001) with reduced exercise tolerance and reduced resilience being the most frequently reported symptom in both sexes. Critical illness (intermediate or intensive care unit admission) during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratio[95%CI]: 4.00[2.66-6.02], p<0.0001 was a risk factor of post-COVID-19 syndrome in both women and men. Women with pre-existing mental illness (1.81[1.00-3.26], p=0.049), cardiovascular risk factors (1.39[1.03-1.89], p=0.033), higher self-reported domestic stress levels (1.15[1.08-1.22], p<0.0001), and feminine gender identity (1.12[1.02-1.24], p=0.02) increased the odds of experiencing post-COVID syndrome. Conversely, obesity (1.44[1.03-2.02], p=0.034) increased the odds of post-COVID-19 syndrome in men, but not in women. Being responsible for household work (men, OR 0.82[0.69-0.97], p=0.021), taking care of children/relatives (women, 0.90[0.84-0.96], p=0.002) or being pregnant at the time of acute COVID-19 illness (OR 0.48[0.23-1.01], p=0.054) was associated with lower odds of post-COVID syndrome. Interpretation: Predictors of post-COVID syndrome differ between men and women. Our data reinforce the importance to include sex and gender to identify patients at risk for post-COVID syndrome so that access to care and early intervention can be tailored to their different needs.

Abstract P122: Racial/Ethnic Variation in Incidence and Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification: Implications for Understanding the Hispanic Paradox

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra S Albrecht ◽  
Pamela L Lutsey ◽  
Matthew Allison ◽  
Teresa Seeman ◽  
Martha L Daviglus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Hispanic Health ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

Background: Previous studies show that Hispanic persons have similar or lower levels of coronary artery calcium (CAC) and slower progression than non-Hispanic whites (NHW), even after adjustment for traditional risk factors. We examined whether this health advantage in CAC incidence and progression among Hispanic adults extends across all levels of risk factor (RF) burden, and whether associations vary by nativity (foreign-born, US-born) and by heritage group (Mexican, non-Mexican). Methods: We analyzed data on Hispanic and NHW participants aged 45-84 years from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Follow-up CAC measurements and complete covariate data were available for 3694 participants with an average of 6.6 years between the follow-up and baseline scans (2000-2002). Baseline measures of the following traditional RFs were considered: current cigarette smoking, high total cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, with RF burden scores ranging from 0-5. Outcomes were incident CAC (any follow-up CAC >0 Agatston units) among individuals without detectable CAC at baseline, and CAC progression (any positive increase in CAC) among all participants estimated using relative risk regression. All models were adjusted for age, sex, RF burden, race/ethnicity, education, income, and time between scans Results: Although a higher proportion of Hispanics had RF burden scores ≥3 compared to NHW (14.6% vs 8.9%, p<0.0001), Hispanics had a lower adjusted incidence (risk ratio (RR) = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72-0.96) and less progression of CAC (RR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.86-0.95) than NHW. However, there was evidence of heterogeneity in this pattern. For example, among individuals with no detectable baseline CAC, a Hispanic health advantage was only seen among individuals with RF burden scores of 0 (RR=0.66, 95% CI: 0.48-0.91 for Hispanics vs. NHW at RF=0), with race/ethnic differences getting progressively smaller with increasing RF burden (for RF ≥3: RR=1.01, 95% CI: 0.69-1.48). Compared to NHW, lower adjusted incidence and progression of CAC was evident to an even greater extent among foreign-born Hispanics, but a health advantage was still present for US-born Hispanics, and for both Hispanic heritage groups. However, these patterns also only remained among individuals with lower RF burden scores. Conclusions: The Hispanic health advantage in CAC incidence and progression was primarily evident among individuals with fewer traditional risk factors for CVD, but was present among different Hispanics groups. Future research is necessary to identify the factors underlying this advantage, and the dynamics that erode it as RF burden increases.

scholarly journals Representations of Gender-Diverse Characters in Adventure Time and Steven Universe

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Abigail S. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Children's Television ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Television Shows ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Television Representation

Television is a strong educational and socializing agent for children. Watching television can teach children appropriate language and vocabulary to use, as well as the social norms about gender behaviors or activities. Previous research on gender representations in children’s television has been limited to studying male and female characters because children’s programming has historically presented audiences with cisgender characters (e.g., boy and girls). Recently, television shows aimed at children have provided audiences with nonbinary and gender-diverse characters. This study is the first exploratory content analysis, to my knowledge, to examine the portrayal and representation of nonbinary and gender-diverse characters in children’s television. The current study examined the gender-neutral pronoun and gendered language use toward nonbinary and gender-diverse characters, as well as the portrayal of these characters as leaders, and with special skills in Adventure Time and Steven Universe. Overall, nonbinary and gender-diverse characters were portrayed as strong, positive, characters, and were represented similarly to their cisgender counterparts. This represents a promising shift toward more inclusive and equitable television representation, which may lead to the acceptance and appropriate use of gender-neutral pronouns toward peers by cisgender children, and the feeling of visibility and validation by nonbinary children. Future research should examine the impacts of these characters on viewers. RELEVANCE STATEMENT: As children’s television becomes more diverse it has the potential to positively impact the lives of cisgender (e.g., boys and girls) and nonbinary children. Because television has the potential to influence young children, gender-diverse representations in children’s television may lead to children developing more accepting attitudes and behaviors toward nonbinary peers.

scholarly journals Multidimensional Sleep and Mortality in Older Adults: A Machine-Learning Comparison With Other Risk Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1903-1909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith L Wallace ◽  
Daniel J Buysse ◽  
Susan Redline ◽  
Katie L Stone ◽  
Kristine Ensrud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Applied Machine Learning ◽  
Predictive Variables ◽  
Time In Bed

Abstract Background Sleep characteristics related to duration, timing, continuity, and sleepiness are associated with mortality in older adults, but rarely considered in health recommendations. We applied machine learning to: (i) establish the predictive ability of a multidimensional self-reported sleep domain for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in older adults relative to other established risk factors and (ii) to identify which sleep characteristics are most predictive. Methods The analytic sample includes N = 8,668 older adults (54% female) aged 65–99 years with self-reported sleep characterization and longitudinal follow-up (≤15.5 years), aggregated from three epidemiological cohorts. We used variable importance (VIMP) metrics from a random survival forest to rank the predictive abilities of 47 measures and domains to which they belong. VIMPs > 0 indicate predictive variables/domains. Results Multidimensional sleep was a significant predictor of all-cause (VIMP [99.9% confidence interval {CI}] = 0.94 [0.60, 1.29]) and cardiovascular (1.98 [1.31, 2.64]) mortality. For all-cause mortality, it ranked below that of the sociodemographic (3.94 [3.02, 4.87]), physical health (3.79 [3.01, 4.57]), and medication (1.33 [0.94, 1.73]) domains but above that of the health behaviors domain (0.22 [0.06, 0.38]). The domains were ranked similarly for cardiovascular mortality. The most predictive individual sleep characteristics across outcomes were time in bed, hours spent napping, and wake-up time. Conclusion Multidimensional sleep is an important predictor of mortality that should be considered among other more routinely used predictors. Future research should develop tools for measuring multidimensional sleep—especially those incorporating time in bed, napping, and timing—and test mechanistic pathways through which these characteristics relate to mortality.

scholarly journals Increasing Incidence in Relapsing-Remitting MS and High Rates among Young Women in Finland: A Thirty-Year Follow-Up

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja-Liisa Sumelahti ◽  
Markus H. A. Holmberg ◽  
Annukka Murtonen ◽  
Heini Huhtala ◽  
Irina Elovaara
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Delay ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Mcdonald Criteria ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gender Specific

Object. Gender and disease course specific incidences were studied in high- and medium-risk regions of MS in Finland.Methods. Age- and gender-specific incidences with 95% CIs were calculated in 10-year periods from 1981 to 2010. Poser diagnostic criteria were used and compared with the McDonald criteria from 2001 to 2010. Association between age and diagnostic delay over time was assessed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test.Results. 1419 (89%) RRMS and 198 (11%) PPMS cases were included. RRMS incidence increased with the female to male ratio (F/M) from 4,2/105(F/M 1.9) to 9,7 (2.3), while that of PPMS decreased from 1,2 (1.6) to 0,7 (1.2). The use of McDonald criteria did not change the conclusion. The decreasing diagnostic delay and age at diagnosis in RRMS were associated within the 10-year periods and contrasted those in PPMS. Increasing female risk in RRMS was observed in the high-risk region.Conclusion. Increasing RRMS incidence and high female ratios shown in each age group indicate gender-specific influences acting already from childhood. A more precise definition of the risk factors and their action in MS is needed to provide a better understanding of underlying pathological processes and a rationale for the development of new preventive and treatment strategies.

scholarly journals A Literature Review on Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP), Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedram Bolboli Zade ◽  
Abbas Farahani ◽  
Mohammadreza Riyahi ◽  
Ali Laelabadi ◽  
Ali Salami Asl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽  
Artificial Airway ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Common Infection

: One of the most dangerous respiratory diseases is pneumonia, one of the ten leading causes of death globally. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a common infection in hospitals, which is the second most common nosocomial infection and causes inflammation parenchyma. In Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), we have various risk factors, including age and gender, and also some specific risk factors. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the deadliest nosocomial infections. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, VAP is pneumonia that develops about 48 hours of an artificial airway. Bacterial, viral, parasitic, primordial, and other species can cause these diseases. We discuss bacterial factors. Our goal is to gather information about HAP, CAP, and VAP to give people specific information. In this study, these three issues have been examined together, but in similar studies, each of them has been examined separately, and our type of study will be more helpful in diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Gender-specific risk factors for incident sarcopenia: 8-year follow-up of the English longitudinal study of ageing

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Yang ◽  
Lee Smith ◽  
Mark Hamer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Specific Risk ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
English Longitudinal Study

BackgroundThe aetiology of age-related sarcopenia is not known.ObjectivesTo investigate if risk of developing sarcopenia differs by gender and to identify gender-specific risk factors of incident sarcopenia in a large population-based cohort of older English adults.MethodsThe sample (n=3404; age 63.4 (SD 7.7) years; 54.1% women) comprised older community-dwelling adults recruited from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Sarcopenia was defined as handgrip <26 kg in men and <16 kg in women. Handgrip strength was assessed at baseline (2004/2005) and repeated at follow-up (2012/2013). Analysed risk factors included baseline anthropometric measures, smoking, vigorous and moderate physical activity, depressive symptoms, chronic illnesses and wealth. After excluding participants with sarcopenia at baseline, multivariable logistic regressions were used to explore baseline risk factors for incident sarcopenia.ResultsDuring 8-year follow-up, 208 and 287 cases of sarcopenia were identified in men (n=1564) and women (n=1840), respectively. Women were at 20% (age adjusted OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.47) higher risk of developing sarcopenia than men. The inverse association between physical activity and sarcopenia risk was observed at moderate (OR=0.44, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.67) and vigorous (0.53, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.82) intensities in men and only vigorous (OR=0.44, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.68) intensity in women. Social factors, such as wealth, and chronic health conditions appeared to be more strongly associated with sarcopenia in men.ConclusionWomen are at higher risk of developing incident sarcopenia than men, and this is likely explained by a range of gender-specific risk factors.

Acceptance of wearable fitness devices in developing countries: exploring the country and gender-specific differences

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Pandey ◽  
Deepak Chawla ◽  
Sandeep Puri ◽  
Luz Suplico Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gender Specific Differences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gender Specific

Purpose Notwithstanding the novelty and importance of wearable fitness devices, few studies have focussed on comparing the drivers of adoption and usage of wearable fitness in the context of developing countries. This study aims to explore factors that drive overall acceptance of wearable fitness devices in developing countries (India and the Philippines) and whether the impact of these factors on the intention to adopt (INT) differs by country and gender. Design/methodology/approach The study extends the existing body of knowledge by developing a model that integrates the impact of various perceived benefits (health, autonomy, social, hedonic, symbolic), health self-efficacy (HEALTHSE) and individual characteristics (technological innovativeness [TI]) on the INT wearable fitness devices and the moderating impact of country and gender. The analysis was carried out using partial least square and data of 343 respondents. Findings This study finds that the INT wearable fitness devices by consumers in developing countries are positively impacted by hedonic, health and autonomy, HEALTHSE and TI. Symbolic and social factors do not have any significant impact on the overall INT wearable fitness devices. However, there are country and gender-specific differences that are consequential to the development of marketing strategies. Research limitations/implications The framework and results are specific to the two countries and limited by convenience sampling. Future research can focus on replication across different countries and extend the model with additional contextual factors such as perceived risks. Originality/value To the best knowledge of the authors, this is one of the few studies to examine and compare the drivers of adoption of wearable fitness devices in lesser researched developing countries. Also, it is one of the few studies to compare the moderating impact of country and gender in the context of the INT wearable devices. The study provides a theoretical and methodological foundation for future research, as well as practical implications for global companies developing and promoting wearable fitness devices.

scholarly journals The risk of cancer among Lithuanian medical radiation workers in 1978–2004

Medicina ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Vitalija Samerdokienė ◽  
Vydmantas Atkočius ◽  
Konstantinas Valuckas
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Medical Radiation ◽  
Radiation Workers ◽  
Indirect Standardization ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Gender Specific

Objectives. To describe the cohort of Lithuanian medical radiation workers and to estimate the risk of cancer during 1978–2004. Methods. Analysis of cancer risk evaluation was done using the retrospective cohort method, an indirect standardization. The observed numbers of cancer cases were obtained from the National Cancer Registry. The expected numbers were based on the age- and gender-specific incidence rates for the general Lithuanian population in 5-year periods. The standardized incidence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (assuming that the incidence of cancer follows the Poisson distribution) were calculated. Results. During the follow-up of 1978–2004, 159 cases of cancer were observed. There was no increased overall cancer risk in men (SIR=0.92, 95% CI=0.62–1.33, based on 29 cases) and women (SIR=0.97, 95% CI=0.81–1.15, based on 130 cases). The risk of leukemia among men and women was insignificantly increased. Conclusions. During the follow-up period, the overall cancer risk among medical radiation workers was the same as in the general population of Lithuania

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