The New Solitary Confinement? A Conceptual Framework for Guiding and Assessing Research and Policy on “Restrictive Housing”

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1427-1444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Mears ◽  
Vivian Hughes ◽  
George B. Pesta ◽  
William D. Bales ◽  
Jennifer M. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Prison Systems ◽  
Research And Policy

As part of the rise of “get tough” punishment in recent decades, prison systems increasingly have relied on solitary confinement and what many contemporary accounts have termed “restrictive housing.” The latter includes an emphasis on some form of isolation and restrictions on privileges. Use of solitary-like confinement has engendered considerable debate because of differing views about whether it is moral or effective and whether it harms inmates. Despite this debate and the ubiquity of solitary-like confinement, there is much that remains unknown about its uses or effects. A central reason stems from inconsistent operationalizations of such housing in research and policy. This situation creates problems in generalizing the results of studies to diverse settings and populations. The goals of this article are to highlight these points and to advance scholarship and policy debates by presenting a conceptual framework for guiding and assessing research on restrictive housing.

scholarly journals TCKF-Connect: A Cross-Disciplinary Conceptual Framework to Investigate Internationalization within the Context of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura van Schijndel
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Knowledge Flows ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
Research And Policy

This conceptual paper examines the still under-researched phenomena associated with internationalization within the context of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Drawing on multiple literature streams, I develop TCKF-Connect, a cross-disciplinary conceptual framework to investigate how entrepreneurial ecosystems become globally connected, and how, in turn, an ecosystem’s global connectedness can drive and sustain the internationalization processes of innovative start-ups. I propose a distinction between entrepreneurial ecosystems’ connectivity and ecosystems’ connectedness, where the former is purported as a necessary but not sufficient condition to achieve the latter. The framework developed revolves around the role played by a specific “vehicle” of connectivity across entrepreneurial ecosystems, i.e., temporary clusters, as conceptualized by Maskell, Bathelt and Malmberg and focuses on the role of knowledge flows within temporary clusters and across the entrepreneurial ecosystems where the temporary clusters are nested. The cross-disciplinary conceptual framework developed contributes to both research and policy debates by underpinning the investigation of research questions to further our understanding of the interplay between internationalization of entrepreneurial ecosystems and internationalization of the start-ups nested within them. The article proposes a research agenda emanating from the application of the cross-disciplinary conceptual framework developed and suggests a methodology for the empirical investigation.

Managing Prisons Through Extended Solitary Confinement: A Necessary Approach or a Signal of Prison System Failure?

2021 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2110589
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Mears ◽  
Vivian Aranda-Hughes ◽  
George B. Pesta
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
System Failure ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Study Research ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Research And Policy

In contemporary American corrections, extended solitary confinement (ESM) as a management tool has emerged as a strategy for avowedly controlling the most violent individuals and, in so doing, creating a safer prison system. We theorize that the emergence of this unique form of housing may also be viewed as a signal of prison system failure. To advance this argument, we identify how different theoretical perspectives can be used to anticipate the effects of ESM on prison system violence and order and then investigate the plausibility of this account by grounding it in analysis of qualitative data from a study of one state’s prison system. The analysis suggests theoretical and empirical warrant for both views of ESM—as an effective tool and as a symptom of system failure. Implications of the study research and policy are discussed.

Solitary Confinement—From Extreme Isolation to Prison Reform

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jules Lobel ◽  
Peter Scharff Smith
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Prison Reform ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
The World ◽  
Prison Systems

For nearly two centuries the practice of solitary confinement has been a recurring feature in many prison systems all over the world. Solitary confinement is used for a panoply of different reasons although research tells us that these practices have widespread negative health effects. Besides the death penalty, it is arguably the most punitive and dangerous intervention available to state authorities in democratic nations. These facts have spawned a growing international interest in this topic and reform movements which include, among others, doctors, psychologists, criminologists, sociologists, prisoners, families, litigators, human rights defenders, and prison governors. This chapter sets the scene by briefly describing this context and by presenting the structure of the book and the chapters that follow.

scholarly journals Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, resilience and social justice in the COVID era

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Michael Penkler ◽  
Chandni M Jacob ◽  
Ruth Müller ◽  
Martha Kenney ◽  
Shane A. Norris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Research And Policy ◽  
Do So

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has shone a spotlight on how health outcomes are unequally distributed among different population groups, with disadvantaged communities and individuals being disproportionality affected in terms of infection, morbidity and mortality, as well as vaccine access. Recently, there has been considerable debate about how social disadvantage and inequality intersect with developmental processes to result in a heightened susceptibility to environmental stressors, economic shocks and large-scale health emergencies. We argue that DOHaD Society members can make important contributions to addressing issues of inequality and improving community resilience in response to COVID-19. In order to do so, it is beneficial to engage with and adopt a social justice framework. We detail how DOHaD can align its research and policy recommendations with a social justice perspective to ensure that we contribute to improving the health of present and future generations in an equitable and socially just way.

Psychiatrists and solitary confinement in US prisons

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Reena Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Professional Role ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Legal Scholar ◽  
Administrative Procedures

This article reviews the role of psychiatrists in determining prisoners' suitability for placement in solitary confinement. The task poses ethical challenges to psychiatrists, who may be asked to participate in dehumanising and unjust administrative procedures as part of their professional role in the prison system. The author describes her personal experience as a prison psychiatrist earlier in her career, using a conceptual framework articulated by the legal scholar Robert Cover to navigate the decision of whether to participate in the prison's solitary confinement scheme.

Solitary Confinement

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Contact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Former Prisoners ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
Prison Systems ◽  
High Level

The use of solitary confinement in prisons became common with the rise of the modern penitentiary during the first half of the nineteenth century and his since remained a feature of many prison systems all over the world. Solitary confinement is used for a panoply of different reasons although research tells us that these practices have widespread negative health effects. Besides the death penalty, it is arguably the most punitive and dangerous intervention available to state authorities in democratic nations. Nevertheless, in the United States there are currently an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 prisoners in small cells for more than 22 hours per day with little or no social contact and no physical contact visits with family or friends. Even in Scandinavia, thousands of prisoners are placed in solitary confinement every year and with an alarming frequency. These facts have spawned international interest in this topic and a growing international reform movement, which includes researchers, litigators, and human rights defenders as well as prison staff and prisoners. This book is the first to take a broad international comparative approach and to apply an interdisciplinary lens to this subject. In this volume neuroscientists, high-level prison officials, social and political scientists, medical doctors, lawyers, and former prisoners and their families from different countries will address the effects and practices of prolonged solitary confinement and the movement for its reform and abolition.

Policies on Consensual Sexual Activity in State Prisons

2020 ◽  
pp. 088740342092409
Author(s):  
Sarah Gross ◽  
Ben Stickle
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sexual Activities ◽  
State Prisons ◽  
Prison Systems ◽  
Research And Policy

During times of imprisonment, inmates have limited opportunities to relieve sexual urges. Nearly all sexual behaviors (e.g., coerced, consensual, masturbation) are restricted or outright banned in most prison systems. The restriction on sexual behavior is implemented, in part, to maintain control and limit possible violence. However, the policies set forth by prisons restricting sexual behavior do not remove sexual urges and, by some estimates, between 2% and 60% of inmates engage in consensual sexual activities during incarceration. This study explores 51 Department of Correction (DOC) policies on sexual behavior in prisons and examines how DOCs define and punish consensual sexual activity. Findings indicate that most DOCs have policies, which do not differentiate between consensual and nonconsensual behaviors and allow for the punishment of consensual and nonconsensual sexual activity with the same penalties. These findings are evaluated considering current research, and policy implications are discussed.

THE CAPITAL FLIGHT FROM INDIA: A CASE OF MISSING WOODS FOR TREES?

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (02) ◽  
pp. 365-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASHIS KUMAR PRADHAN ◽  
GOURISHANKAR S. HIREMATH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Capital Inflow ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Capital Flight ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Investment Opportunities ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Research And Policy

The surge of capital inflow into emerging markets since the 1990s has attracted much research, but capital flight from these economies has received scant attention in research and policy debates, despite its severe implications. The present study attempts to address the issue of capital flight and gap in the literature. Our estimates show a steep increase in the magnitude of capital flight from India since 2003, and empirical results suggest that the significant determinants of capital flight are GDP and exchange rate. We find that higher interest rates discourage capital flight; while keeping interest rates high may partially restrict capital flight, it is infeasible, and may impede future economic growth. Our findings suggest the need for interventions and changes in the current policy framework to improve investment opportunities for residents and arrest capital flight.

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