The Effect of Visual Impairment on the Strength of Children's Hip and Knee Extensors

1997 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Wyatt ◽  
G.Y. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Normal Vision ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Blind Children ◽  
Congenitally Blind ◽  
Leg Extensors

A test of the strength of children's hip and knee extensors found that children who were congenitally blind or had low vision had weaker knee extensors than did sighted children, but that after the correction for lean body weight (LBW), these differences were not significant. The children who were blind or had low vision also had weaker hip extensors, but after LBW correction, only the blind children's hip extensors were weaker than those of the children with normal vision. The findings indicate that congenitally blind children may be prone to develop weak leg extensors because of poor body build or the constraints of blindness and that they require extensive physical intervention during infancy.

Differences between Congenitally Blind and Normally Sighted Subjects in the P1 Component of Middle Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1192-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. Naveen ◽  
R. Srinivas ◽  
K. S. Nirmala ◽  
R. Nagarathna ◽  
H. R. Nagendra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Normal Vision ◽  
Ascending Reticular Activating System ◽  
Blind Children ◽  
Congenitally Blind ◽  
Reticular Activating System

Auditory evoked potentials (0 to 100 msec. range) were recorded two times for 9 congenitally blind children (age=14.1 yr.±1.4 yr.) and 9 age-matched children with normal vision. The groups' peak latency and amplitude of the P1 wave were compared. The peak latency was significantly lower for the congenitally blind than for the normally sighted on a two-factor analysis of variance. Since the P1 wave is thought to correspond to either the ascending reticular activating system or the primary auditory cortex, these results suggest that information processing at these neural levels may occur more efficiently in the blind.

Low Vision and Aniridia

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Bulmann
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Normal Vision ◽  
Functional Changes

Aniridia affects many visual aspects of one’s life. This chapter will highlight many of these effects. Functional changes that occur due to aniridia will be discussed. Once the patient’s vision is assessed and goals are established with a thorough eye examination, numerous avenues can be taken to ensure the support of all the patient’s health care providers. Referrals can be made to appropriate professionals to ensure full understanding and management of the ocular condition. Visual acuity is the measurement used to determine vision levels. Normal vision is 20/20, which means that what a normal person sees at 20 feet, the patient sees at 20 feet. If their vision is 20/40, they would need to be at a distance of 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet. The decrease in visual acuity in those with aniridia usually ranges from under 20/60 to as low as approximately 20/400. This is due to the lack of development of the macular area, or fovea. The fovea is responsible for our clearest, most precise vision. Those with visual acuity of 20/200 or worse that is best corrected while wearing spectacles or contact lenses in the better-seeing eye are considered legally blind. While most people who suffer from aniridia are not legally blind, they are visual impaired. Visual impairment is defined as visual acuity of 20/70 in the better-seeing eye when optimally corrected with glasses or contact lenses. The designation of “visual impairment” also has a functionality factor. If a person has a reduction in the ability of the eye or the visual system to perform to a normal ability, he/she is considered visually impaired. Visual field is the measurement of peripheral vision. Those with aniridia may have decreased peripheral vision. This is not directly due to aniridia, but rather to glaucoma, which may develop due to structural changes in the eye. Glaucoma is explained in detail in the glaucoma chapter of this book.

scholarly journals The perceptual organization of space is preserved even if based on a different (quantity of) visual input

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Uma Rani
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Normal Vision ◽  
Psychophysical Scaling ◽  
Scaling Procedure ◽  
Representation Of Space

Purpose: We investigate the ability of adults with and without visual impairment estimate distances between stimuli in real environment. Methods: We evaluated 12 subjects aged between 20 and 40 years in which 6 subjects with normal vision (mean age=31.0, SD=6.5), and 6 subjects with visual impairment (mean age=27.7, SD=7.8). Two styrofoam balls of 10cm in diameter were used, painted in black and a line of white velcro of 3.5 meters was fixed in the floor of a hallway without lateral references. Psychophysical scaling was evaluated by magnitude estimation and the exponent of the Stevens' law was calculated. Results: The calculated exponent for the controls was 1.13 for near judgment and 1.11 for far distances. The low vision group showed exponent values of 1.01 for near and 0.96 for far distances judgment. There was a statistical difference for 120cm of distance between balls for near (F10=88.21, p<0.001) and a tendency to difference for 200cm (F10=3.81, p=0.079) between groups. Conclusions: Our scaling procedure shows that despite the reduction in the distance judged by the low vision subjects, their internal representation of space is preserved. Similar exponent values indicates that their suprathreshold impression of the distance follow the same rules of the normal subject.

Inspirations

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica J Otis
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Doctoral Degree ◽  
Multiple Disabilities ◽  
Occupational Therapist ◽  
Research Assistant ◽  
Normal Vision ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
The University

This chapter is a collection of stories from those who do not let anything keep them from achieving their goals and who inspire us. These individuals show us there is hope and that anything is possible. My name is Eric, and I am 27 years old. I was born with familial (hereditary) aniridia. I also have nystagmus, beginnings of a cataract in my right eye, lens implant in my left eye, and corneal keratopathy in both eyes (but it is worse in my left eye). I am married to my lovely wife, Amber, and we have four children. They are: Joseph (ten years old), Sarah (seven years old), Aniston (four years old), and Christopher (two years old). The two oldest have normal vision and the two youngest have aniridia (how’s that for the law of randomization?). Currently, I work as a research assistant at the University of Florida as part of my doctoral degree. I also own my own company where I work as an occupational therapist with blind and low-vision individuals of all ages. Initially when I went to occupational therapy school, I was not interested in working with people who have vision impairments. Instead, I specialized in working with older adults. After working in the field for several years with older adults, I began to notice that many of my elderly patients had vision problems. Although I grew up with a visual impairment, I did not feel professionally qualified to address their vision issues because learning how to adapt to a visual impairment is different for someone born with a visual impairment than someone who acquires a visual impairment later in life. So I went back to school to gain additional training in working with people who have visual impairments. Part of my job as an occupational therapist is to evaluate patients for specific assistive-technology needs, recommend products that would increase their independence, and to teach patients with multiple disabilities how to use these devices.

Quantitative assessment of body build

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 960-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert R. Behnke
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Quantitative Classification ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Skeletal Size ◽  
Biophysical Analysis ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Age Range

A quantitative classification of body build is outlined for adolescents and adults based on 11 circumferences and 8 diameters which can be converted by division with appropriate constants into d quotients. Selected d quotients are then placed in three categories, d( A), d( B), and d( C), which indicate numerically degree of fatness ( A), muscularity ( B), and skeletal size ( C). Equivalent weights, W( A), W( W), and W( C) can be derived from d( A), d( B), and d( C), and in fractional proportions add up to body weight. The anthropometric rating is in terms of A, B, and C, each component related to the other two. The A and B components derived from circumferences can be related directly to body weight. The C component based on skeletal diameters requires further evaluation in relation to chemical and biophysical analysis of body structure. The d quotients when related to body weight or lean body weight provide the basis for a somatogram which depicts intraindividual variations of the various measured parameters as deviations from (See PDF). The system with invariant conversion constants, specific for each sex, has been adequate to describe numerically the fat, muscular, and skeletal components of body build both in the male and female over an age range of 14—93 years, and with variation in stature from 150 to 200 cm and in weight from 40 to 150 kg. Submitted on June 5, 1961

scholarly journals INFORMATION ON VISUAL IMPAIRMENT ACROSS COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cunhat Hiago
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Normal Vision

There are four categories of visual impairments: i.e. normal vision, moderate visual impairment, severe visual impairment and blindness. In moderate or severe visual impairment, we speak of low vision. When the person is totally or almost blinded, we speak of blindness. The term visual impairment includes both low vision and blindness.

Metaphor Comprehension By The Congenitally Blind Children

2017 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
عالية بدر عبدالله ◽  
ضيف الله زامل حربي
Keyword(s):  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
Blind Children ◽  
Congenitally Blind

scholarly journals Optimization of contrast medium volume for abdominal CT in oncologic patients: prospective comparison between fixed and lean body weight-adapted dosing protocols

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiano Caruso ◽  
Elisa Rosati ◽  
Nicola Panvini ◽  
Marco Rengo ◽  
Davide Bellini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Contrast Media ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Abdominal Ct ◽  
Oncologic Patients ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Parenchymal Enhancement

Abstract Background Patient body size represents the main determinant of parenchymal enhancement and by adjusting the contrast media (CM) dose to patient weight may be a more appropriate approach to avoid a patient over dosage of CM. To compare the performance of fixed-dose and lean body weight (LBW)-adapted contrast media dosing protocols, in terms of image quality and parenchymal enhancement. Results One-hundred cancer patients undergoing multiphasic abdominal CT were prospectively enrolled in this multicentric study and randomly divided in two groups: patients in fixed-dose group (n = 50) received 120 mL of CM while in LBW group (n = 50) the amount of CM was computed according to the patient’s LBW. LBW protocol group received a significantly lower amount of CM (103.47 ± 17.65 mL vs. 120.00 ± 0.00 mL, p < 0.001). Arterial kidney signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and pancreatic CNR were significantly higher in LBW group (all p ≤ 0.004). LBW group provided significantly higher arterial liver, kidney, and pancreatic contrast enhancement index (CEI) and portal venous phase kidney CEI (all p ≤ 0.002). Significantly lower portal vein SNR and CNR were observed in LBW-Group (all p ≤ 0.020). Conclusions LBW-adapted CM administration for abdominal CT reduces the volume of injected CM and improves both image quality and parenchymal enhancement.

scholarly journals Lean body weight versus total body weight to calculate the iodinated contrast media volume in abdominal CT: a randomised controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moreno Zanardo ◽  
Fabio Martino Doniselli ◽  
Anastassia Esseridou ◽  
Massimiliano Agrò ◽  
Nicol Antonina Rita Panarisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Contrast Media ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Iodinated Contrast Media ◽  
Abdominal Ct ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Objectives Iodinated contrast media (ICM) could be more appropriately dosed on patient lean body weight (LBW) than on total body weight (TBW). Methods After Ethics Committee approval, trial registration NCT03384979, patients aged ≥ 18 years scheduled for multiphasic abdominal CT were randomised for ICM dose to LBW group (0.63 gI/kg of LBW) or TBW group (0.44 gI/kg of TBW). Abdominal 64-row CT was performed using 120 kVp, 100–200 mAs, rotation time 0.5 s, pitch 1, Iopamidol (370 mgI/mL), and flow rate 3 mL/s. Levene, Mann–Whitney U, and χ2 tests were used. The primary endpoint was liver contrast enhancement (LCE). Results Of 335 enrolled patients, 17 were screening failures; 44 dropped out after randomisation; 274 patients were analysed (133 LBW group, 141 TBW group). The median age of LBW group (66 years) was slightly lower than that of TBW group (70 years). Although the median ICM-injected volume was comparable between groups, its variability was larger in the former (interquartile range 27 mL versus 21 mL, p = 0.01). The same was for unenhanced liver density (IQR 10 versus 7 HU) (p = 0.02). Median LCE was 40 (35–46) HU in the LBW group and 40 (35–44) HU in the TBW group, without significant difference for median (p = 0.41) and variability (p = 0.23). Suboptimal LCE (< 40 HU) was found in 64/133 (48%) patients in the LBW group and 69/141 (49%) in the TBW group, but no examination needed repeating. Conclusions The calculation of the ICM volume to be administered for abdominal CT based on the LBW does not imply a more consistent LCE.

scholarly journals Dosing of neuromuscular blocking agents in patients with obesity: A narrative review

2021 ◽  
pp. 0310057X2096857
Author(s):  
Brian L Erstad ◽  
Jeffrey F Barletta
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Neuromuscular Blocking ◽  
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Blocking Agents ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Size Descriptor

There is no consensus on which weight clinicians should use for weight-based dosing of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), as exemplified by differing or absent recommendations in clinical practice guidelines. The purpose of this paper is to review studies that evaluated various size descriptors for weight-based dosing of succinylcholine and non-depolarising NMBAs, and to provide recommendations for the descriptors of choice for the weight-based dosing of these agents in patients with obesity. All of the studies conducted to date involving depolarising and non-depolarising NMBAs in patients with obesity have assessed single doses or short-term infusions conducted in perioperative settings. Recognising that any final dosing regimen must take into account patient-specific considerations, the available evidence suggests that actual body weight is the size descriptor of choice for weight-based dosing of succinylcholine and that ideal body weight, or an adjusted (or lean) body weight, is the size descriptor of choice for weight-based dosing of non-depolarising NMBAs.

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