Group Formation by Two-Year Olds

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Frankel ◽  
Tali Arbel
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Group Stability ◽  
Dominance Structure ◽  
Play Group

In order to study a process of group formation among young children, six 2-year-olds were observed during the first four weeks of a daily play group. Results suggested that the children formed a dominance structure that corresponded with increased group stability. The dominance hierarchy appeared to reflect a more general social structure than just an ordering for who could successfully aggress against whom; it was correlated with centrality orderings for non-agonistic behaviors. The absence of a co-ordination between hierarchic orderings for different forms of agonism, however, suggested that the group was not characterized by a fully unified structure, at least not by the end of fourweeks. Analyses also indicated that social asymmetry or status was not the only factor that systematically affected the resolution of social conflict. Prior possession of an object too seemed to constitute an important social norm.

Sex Differences in Hierarchical Stability in a Formation of a Mixed-Sex Group of Rhesus Macaques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren J Woodell ◽  
Brianne A Beisner ◽  
Amy C Nathman ◽  
Ashleigh Day ◽  
Ashley Cameron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Alpha Male ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Hierarchical Stability ◽  
Established Group

Forming groups of captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) is a common management practice. New formations of unfamiliar macaques can be costly, with high levels of trauma, particularly as intense aggression is used to establish a dominance hierarchy. Combining previous subgroups into one new group may be beneficial, as some individuals already have established dominance relationships. We tested this hypothesis by forming a new mixed-sex group of rhesus macaques that combined an established group of females with an established group of males. Prior to the mixed-sex group formation, both the female and male hierarchies had been stable for 3 y; after mixed-sex group formation these hierarchies were maintained by the females and were initially maintained by the males for 3 wks. However, the temporary hospitalization (due to a laceration caused by aggression) of the alpha male destabilized the male hierarchy. Age and weight then predicted male rank. Temporary hospitalizations resulted in rank changes for the males, evidenced by reversals in subordination signals. Thisstudy indicates that using established groups of familiar individuals may maintain female hierarchical stability in a mixed-sex group formation, but further research is needed to understand how to maintain and predict male hierarchical stability to reduce trauma. Improved knowledge of hierarchical stability would be invaluable to managers of large rhesus macaque groups and would help improve the welfare of captive rhesus macaques.

Behaviour of the Bilby, Macrotis lagotis (Reid), (Marsupialia : Thylacomyidae) in Captivity

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
CN Johnson ◽  
KA Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Alpha Male ◽  
The Social ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Activity Cycles ◽  
Central Australia

The behaviour was observed, in captivity, of the bilby Macrotis lagotis, a fossorial bandicoot of central Australia. Most of the observations were made at night, but some were of below-ground behaviour during the daylight hours. Bilbies proved to be relatively passive in comparison with other bandicoots, and a rigid dominance hierarchy amongst males was maintained without destructive fighting. Dominant males chased subordinate males out of and away from burrows and the alpha male maintained priority of access to all the well used burrows in the enclosure. Males scent-marked around burrows; the dominant male usually marked over scents left by other bilbies. Males shared burrows freely with females, and copulation appears to take place down burrows. Information is also given on female-female and mother-young behaviour, and some suggestions are made concerning the social structure of wild bilbies. Activity cycles, feeding behaviour, etc. are described.

Sociology: Social Structure and Social Conflict

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Saundra Gardner ◽  
H. R. Kerbo
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Conflict

scholarly journals Young Children See a Single Action and Infer a Social Norm

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1360-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco F. H. Schmidt ◽  
Lucas P. Butler ◽  
Julia Heinz ◽  
Michael Tomasello
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Single Action

The King’s Power Dominating Society—A Re-examination of Ancient Chinese Society

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Zehua
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Special Form ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Central Group

Abstract In terms of social formation, the most important characteristic of traditional Chinese society was how the king’s power dominated the society. Ever since the emergence of written records, we see that ancient China has had a most prominent interest group, that of the nobility and high officials, centered around the king (and later the emperor). Of all the kinds of power exerted on Chinese society, the king’s was the ultimate power. In the formation process of kingly power, a corresponding social structure was also formed. Not only did this central group include the king or emperor, the nobles, and the bureaucratic landlords, but the “feudal landlord ecosystem” which was formed within that group also shaped the whole society in a fundamental way. As a special form of economic redistribution, corruption among officials provided the soil for the growth of bureaucratic landlords. At the foundation of this entire bureaucratic web was always the king and his authority. In short, ancient Chinese society is a power-dependent structure centered on the king’s power. The major social conflict was therefore the conflict between the dictatorial king’s power and the rest of society.

scholarly journals Structural foundation for interactions in online games

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-294
Author(s):  
Marina E. Elutina ◽  
◽  
Anton A. Nerush ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Online Games ◽  
Online Game ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Game Mechanics ◽  
Play Group ◽  
Human Actors

The article examines the structural foundations of interactions between gamers in online games on the example of the youth segment of Russian audience of computer games. The analysis of the main elements of in-game mechanics structuring the communicative interactions of gamers in online games is carried out on the basis of the B. Latour’s actor-network theory, allowing us to consider the game as an actor of socio-technical interactions. According to the results of the author’s research conducted in 2019–2020 by means of online questionnaires, the mechanisms of long-term and short-term association of players in online games are highlighted and the structural bases of their interaction are characterized: the dominant and secondary motives of group formation in video games, the factors of prolongation of contacts between players. It was revealed that gamers give preference to short-term gaming teams with a free exit. A long-term play group is recruited from people who know each other, with whom they maintain contacts in everyday life while playing is perceived as a form of joint leisure. It is shown that an online game creates a field for active construction of new social connections between the members of the gaming community. The potential of the possibilities of including game mechanics and “non-human” actors in new forms of gamification of education is outlined.

Paying Back People Who Harmed Us but Not People Who Helped Us: Direct Negative Reciprocity Precedes Direct Positive Reciprocity in Early Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1273-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Chernyak ◽  
Kristin L. Leimgruber ◽  
Yarrow C. Dunham ◽  
Jingshi Hu ◽  
Peter R. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

The principle of direct reciprocity, or paying back specific individuals, is assumed to be a critical component of everyday social exchange and a key mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. Young children know the norm of reciprocity, but it is unclear whether they follow the norm for both positive and negative direct reciprocity or whether reciprocity is initially generalized. Across five experiments ( N = 330), we showed that children between 4 and 8 years of age engaged in negative direct reciprocity but generalized positive reciprocity, despite recalling benefactors. Children did not endorse the norm of positive direct reciprocity as applying to them until about 7 years of age (Study 4), but a short social-norm training enhanced this behavior in younger children (Study 5). Results suggest that negative direct reciprocity develops early, whereas positive reciprocity becomes targeted to other specific individuals only as children learn and adopt social norms.

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