Typical Roles and Intergroup Relations Shape Stereotypes: How Understanding Social Structure Clarifies the Origins of Stereotype Content

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Koenig ◽  
Alice H. Eagly
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Types Of Information

How do stereotypes gain their specific content? Social psychologists have argued that stereotypes of groups, defined by demographic indicators such as sex and race, gain their content from their locations in the social structure. In one version of this claim, observations of group members’ typical roles shape stereotype content. In another version, observations of intergroup relations shape this content. This research addressed the validity and compatibility of these two claims. Three experiments manipulating the roles and intergroup relations of hypothetical groups demonstrated that stereotype content emerged from both roles and intergroup relations even when both types of information were available. Another study yielded substantial correlations between actual groups’ typical roles and their intergroup relations. We conclude that stereotype content reflects groups’ positioning in the social structure as defined by their typical social roles and intergroup relations. Discussion considers the implications of this conclusion for changing the content of stereotypes.

scholarly journals Social Roles in the Ethnographic Fieldwork

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desalegn Amsalu
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
The Social

This paper investigates the concept of social roles in ethnographic fieldwork, its place in the global literature discussing qualitative research methods, and its application in the Ethiopian ethnographic fieldwork. I discuss that social roles are all about seeing one’s role and status, in this case, as researchers, in the social structure of a society or community we do the ethnographic research. Based on my own experience and the experience of other ethnographers elsewhere, I argue that a conscious use of our social roles is a <i>sin qua non</i> for successful ethnographic fieldwork. However, this concept has been given less emphasis in the literature of qualitative research methods. Social roles in the ethnographic fieldwork are especially less known in the Ethiopian ethnographic research experience. <b> </b>

The origins of aggression sex differences: Evolved dispositions versus social roles

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice H. Eagly ◽  
Wendy Wood
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Structural Interpretation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Evolutionary Interpretation

The ultimate causes of sex differences in human aggressive behavior can lie mainly in evolved, inherited mechanisms that differ by sex or mainly in the differing placement of women and men in the social structure. The present commentary contrasts Campbell's evolutionary interpretation of aggression sex differences with a social structural interpretation that encompasses a wider range of phenomena.

scholarly journals Stereotype Content as a Collective Memory of Place and Its Past Intergroup Relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Winiewski ◽  
Dominika Bulska
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War

The stereotyped content of outgroups denotes intergroup relations. Based on this notion, Susan Fiske and colleagues (2002, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878) created the stereotype content model (SCM), which links two dimensions, warmth and competence, with social structure. The structure of intergroup relations is not stable in time, nor is it shaped instantly. Based on the assumptions of SCM we predict that the history of intergroup relations is in part responsible for stereotypes. In order to test the hypothesis we reanalysed five Polish nationwide, representative surveys (total N = 4834). The studies followed a similar procedure for data collection, and each study asked an open-ended question about the traits of two ethnic groups (Jews and Germans). Answers were listed and coded using competent judges. The averages of the judges’ codes were used as indicators of stereotype content and an analysis of regional differences was conducted. Several significant results were obtained and are interpreted in line with warm – competition and competence – status relations. The results show that several historical situations and events, such as pre-WWII social structure or post-war migrations and territorial changes, can be linked to contemporary stereotypes.

scholarly journals Role of Utkarsh Microfinance Institution in the area of Women Empowerment

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukta Tripathi ◽  
S. K. Chaturvedi
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Joint Liability ◽  
The Social ◽  
Microfinance Institution ◽  
Group Members

Women are the most crucial elements of the social structure and are playing a pivotal role in the socioeconomic scenario of Allahabad District. Microfinance has come to play a major role in many gender and development strategies because of its direct relationship to both poverty alleviation and to the empowerment of women. Microfinance programs like the Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) in India have been promoted for their positive economic impact and the belief that they empower women. The survey was conducted on 100 respondents from Twenty JLGs of Utkarsh Microfinance Institution in Allahabad District, and the analysis was done to study the empowerment of women through microfinance. The results strongly demonstrate that on an average, there is a significant increase in women empowerment of the Joint Liability Group members of Utkarsh Microfinance Institution.

scholarly journals Social Dominance Orientation Boosts Collective Action Among Low-Status Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina L. Carvalho ◽  
Isabel R. Pinto ◽  
Rui Costa-Lopes ◽  
Darío Páez ◽  
Mariana P. Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
High Status ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Status Enhancement

We propose that low-status group members' support for group-based hierarchy and inequality (i.e., social dominance orientation; SDO) may represent an ideological strategy to guarantee the legitimacy of future ingroup status-enhancement. Specifically, we argue that, under unstable social structure conditions, SDO serves as an ideological justification for collective action tendencies aimed at competing for a higher status. In such context, SDO should be positively related with actions aimed to favor the ingroup (i.e., collective actions) by increasing group members' motivation to engage in direct competition with a relevant higher-status outgroup. We conducted two studies under highly competitive and unstable social structure contexts using real life groups. In Study 1 (N = 77), we induced Low vs. High Ingroup (University) Status and in Study 2 (N = 220) we used competing sports groups. Overall, results showed that, among members of low-status groups, SDO consistently increased individuals' motivation to get involved in actions favoring the ingroup, by boosting their motivation to compete with the opposing high-status outgroup. We discuss the results in light of the social dominance and collective action framework.

scholarly journals Social Roles in the Ethnographic Fieldwork

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desalegn Amsalu
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
The Social

This paper investigates the concept of social roles in ethnographic fieldwork, its place in the global literature discussing qualitative research methods, and its application in the Ethiopian ethnographic fieldwork. I discuss that social roles are all about seeing one’s role and status, in this case, as researchers, in the social structure of a society or community we do the ethnographic research. Based on my own experience and the experience of other ethnographers elsewhere, I argue that a conscious use of our social roles is a <i>sin qua non</i> for successful ethnographic fieldwork. However, this concept has been given less emphasis in the literature of qualitative research methods. Social roles in the ethnographic fieldwork are especially less known in the Ethiopian ethnographic research experience. <b> </b>

scholarly journals The perception of instability and legitimacy of status differences enhances the infrahumanization bias Among high status groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-366
Author(s):  
Cristina Mosso ◽  
Silvia Russo
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
High Status ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Psychology Courses ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Status Differences

Previous research within the social identity framework has shown that perceptions of legitimacy and stability of status differences interactively determine cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses to intergroup contexts. Whether such perceptions affect subtle forms of prejudice, namely infrahumanisation, is unknown. We examined if the perceptions regarding high status stability and legitimacy are associated to the infrahumanisation bias. We hypothesized that participants perceiving status differences as unstable and legitimate would report higher levels of infrahumanization than those who perceive status differences as stable and/or illegitimate. Participants (N = 439 Italian students enrolled in psychology courses) completed a structured paper-and-pencil questionnaire. We found that participants tended to attribute more negative secondary emotions to their ingroup (Italians) than to the outgroup (immigrants from Africa), indicating the presence of an infrahumanization bias. The results of a moderated regression aimed at predicting infrahumanization showed that high-status group members who perceived status differences as legitimate and unstable reported higher levels of infrahumanization than their counterparts did. The results attest the important and independent role of the perceptions related to the status for the debate on intergroup relations.

Exclusion and Cooperation in Diverse Societies: Experimental Evidence from Israel

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 742-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
RYAN D. ENOS ◽  
NOAM GIDRON
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Discriminatory Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collective Action Problems ◽  
Mitigating Factors ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Rapid Pace

It is well-established that in diverse societies, certain groups prefer to exclude other groups from power and often from society entirely. Yet as many societies are diversifying at an increasingly rapid pace, the need for cross-group cooperation to solve collective action problems has intensified. Do preferences for exclusion inhibit the ability of individuals to cooperate and, therefore, diminish the ability for societies to collectively provide public goods? Turning to Israel, a society with multiple overlapping and politically salient cleavages, we use a large-scale lab-in-the-field design to investigate how preferences for exclusion among the Jewish majority predict discriminatory behavior toward Palestinian Citizens of Israel. We establish that preferences for exclusion are likely symbolic attitudes, and therefore stable and dominating of other attitudes; are held especially strongly by low-status majority group members; and powerfully predict costly non-cooperation. This preferences/behavior relationship appears unaffected by mitigating factors proposed in the intergroup relations literature. The demonstrated influence of symbolic attitudes on behavior calls for further examination of the social roots of exclusionary preferences.

scholarly journals Analysis of Hate Speech and Hate Crimes From A Social Psychological Perspective: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Group Members

Hate crime and hate speech are extreme examples of negative intergroup relations. It is thought that it would be very useful to analyze the variables that lead up to for dealing with hate speech and crimes that have many physical and psychological destructive consequences for the exposed group members. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to address some of the social psychological variables associated with hate speech and hate crimes and to suggest solutions to reduce hate speech and hate crimes in this context. For this purpose, first of all, hate speech and hate crimes were defined and various examples were presented in this direction. Later, hate crimes and hate speech were examined in terms of social identity identification, social dominance orientation, system justification, realistic and symbolic threat perception, frustration and scapegoat concepts. The relationship between hate speech and crimes of this concept has been embodied with research findings and examples from various regions in Turkey and the world. Finally, some solution suggestions have been presented by making use of this theoretical knowledge in terms of combating hate crimes and hate speeches. Keywords: Hate crime, hate speech, intergroup relations, social psychology

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