scholarly journals Analysis of Hate Speech and Hate Crimes From A Social Psychological Perspective: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Group Members

Hate crime and hate speech are extreme examples of negative intergroup relations. It is thought that it would be very useful to analyze the variables that lead up to for dealing with hate speech and crimes that have many physical and psychological destructive consequences for the exposed group members. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to address some of the social psychological variables associated with hate speech and hate crimes and to suggest solutions to reduce hate speech and hate crimes in this context. For this purpose, first of all, hate speech and hate crimes were defined and various examples were presented in this direction. Later, hate crimes and hate speech were examined in terms of social identity identification, social dominance orientation, system justification, realistic and symbolic threat perception, frustration and scapegoat concepts. The relationship between hate speech and crimes of this concept has been embodied with research findings and examples from various regions in Turkey and the world. Finally, some solution suggestions have been presented by making use of this theoretical knowledge in terms of combating hate crimes and hate speeches. Keywords: Hate crime, hate speech, intergroup relations, social psychology

Typical Roles and Intergroup Relations Shape Stereotypes: How Understanding Social Structure Clarifies the Origins of Stereotype Content

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Koenig ◽  
Alice H. Eagly
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Types Of Information

How do stereotypes gain their specific content? Social psychologists have argued that stereotypes of groups, defined by demographic indicators such as sex and race, gain their content from their locations in the social structure. In one version of this claim, observations of group members’ typical roles shape stereotype content. In another version, observations of intergroup relations shape this content. This research addressed the validity and compatibility of these two claims. Three experiments manipulating the roles and intergroup relations of hypothetical groups demonstrated that stereotype content emerged from both roles and intergroup relations even when both types of information were available. Another study yielded substantial correlations between actual groups’ typical roles and their intergroup relations. We conclude that stereotype content reflects groups’ positioning in the social structure as defined by their typical social roles and intergroup relations. Discussion considers the implications of this conclusion for changing the content of stereotypes.

Unraveling the Mystery of Brazilian Jeitinho

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Ferreira ◽  
Ronald Fischer ◽  
Juliana Barreiros Porto ◽  
Ronaldo Pilati ◽  
Taciano L. Milfont
Keyword(s):  
Social Norm ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Indigenous Psychology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Problem Solving Strategies ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Scenario Approach

Two studies explore the structure and psychological makeup of jeitinho, a Brazilian indigenous construct associated with problem-solving strategies in strong hierarchies. Study 1 used a scenario approach with nonstudent participants and demonstrated that jeitinho can be described by a three-dimensional structure: corruption, creativity, and social norm breaking. Study 2 used individual and social norm scenarios in nonstudent samples and demonstrated that moral leniency is associated with more corruption and social norm breaking. Furthermore, only in the personal but not the social norm condition was greater social dominance orientation associated with more corruption and social norm breaking. Jeitinho is not a monolitical construct, but it is a complex sociocultural strategy that has distinct functional components at the personal and normative levels. Theoretical advances in the understanding of social norms and indigenous psychology by examining both culture-specific and general social-psychological processes are outlined.

scholarly journals A Time-Series Analysis of Contextual-Level Effects on Hate Crime in The Netherlands

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Jacobs ◽  
Joost van Spanje
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Series Analysis

Abstract Nowadays, registered hate crimes are on the rise in many Western societies. What explains temporal variation in the incidence of hate crimes? Combining insights from the grievance model and the opportunity model, we study the role of three types of contextual factors: security (terrorism), media (news about terrorism and immigration), and political factors (speech by anti-immigration actors, hate speech prosecution, and high-profile anti-immigration victories). We apply time-series analysis to our original dataset of registered hate crimes in the Netherlands, 2015–2017 (N = 7,219). Findings indicate that terrorist attacks, (both print and online) news on refugees, immigration, and terrorism boost nonviolent hate crime. Similarly, news of the hate speech prosecution of Freedom Party leader Geert Wilders increases nonviolent crime as well. Tentative evidence points to a contagion effect of speech by anti-immigration actors. With regard to violent hate crime, only terrorist attacks had an effect. This effect was modest and only found in one of our models. Hence, the grievance and the opportunities model each partially explain nonviolent hate crime, although the security and media context seem most influential. Our findings help to identify the contextual factors contributing to a climate for hate and suggest that perceived threats play a key role.

Local Action on Behalf of Local Collectives in the U.S. and Israel: How Different Are Leaders from Members in Voluntary Associations?

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 36-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Friedmann ◽  
Paul Florin ◽  
Abraham Wandersman ◽  
Ron Meier
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
The U.S

While leadership in voluntary organizations is important to the understanding of voluntary action, not enough is known about differences between leaders and members in voluntary organizations. This study explored the differences between leaders and members in local voluntary organizations in the U.S. and Israel. Using discriminant function analysis on demographic characteristics, social psychological variables, and cost-benefit relationships it was found that leaders differ significantly from members in several of these areas. Patterns of greatest similarity were found between the American and Israeli participants on the social psychological variables. Gender distinguished members from leaders in Israel; occupation and education did so in the U.S. A very significant finding in the area of costs and benefits was that leaders perceived their activism as more costly than did members; leaders viewed costs to their participation as being equal to benefits while members perceived more benefits than costs.

Social media and the spread of fake news during a social movement: The 2019 Anti-ELAB protests in Hong Kong

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 122-125
Author(s):  
Francis LF Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Protest Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings

This article summarizes the author’s observations and preliminary research findings about the politics of fake news and rumors during the 2019 Anti-Extradition Bill movement in Hong Kong. The fake news phenomenon is understood as grounded in the social-psychological needs of people in times of uncertainty, a political culture marked by polarization and normative disinhibition, and a mediascape that facilitates the fragmentation and privatization of public communication. The 2019 Hong Kong movement shows that, in the context of contentious politics, fake news and rumors can be used by political power to delegitimize a protest movement, but they can also be used by a protest movement to pressurize the political power and to sustain itself. It is argued that the roles, consequences, and normative desirability of fake news and rumors need to be examined in terms of how they are embedded in the power relationships and interactional dynamics of the movement concerned.

Structural and Social-Psychological Factors associated with Job Functioning by Women Managers,2

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3_part_1) ◽  
pp. 979-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther R. Greenglass
Keyword(s):  
Women Managers ◽  
Job Involvement ◽  
Mail Questionnaire ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Organizational Functioning ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship among psychological variables and organizational functioning in a sample of managers, 65 women and 65 men. Analysis of responses to a mail questionnaire showed women, compared to men, were higher on Type A behaviour, speed and impatience, and job involvement scale scores. Women were less likely to have families than men, and men appeared to benefit more from marriage. Men also reported higher salaries with greater family support. These results support the need for research to take into account the social context within which organizational and work behaviour takes place.

The Specters of Citizenship

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Brandzel
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
State Violence ◽  
The State ◽  
Police Brutality ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Hate Crime Legislation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Crime Legislation ◽  
Social Level

This chapter examines the violent maintenance of citizenship through the police state, and the uses of hate crime legislation to both name and disallow any recognition of this violence. The intervention into how we understand citizenship to be violently organized functions at two interconnected levels, that is, at the structural level of state violence, and at the social level of identity categories. At the level of the state, hate crime legislation offers us important information on how the violence of citizenship is managed, controlled, and directed. At the structural level of the state, the chapter adds to left critiques of hate crime legislation by unpacking how these laws are used to create a dangerous discontinuum, in which hate crimes are marked as individualized errors, while police brutality is systemically assuaged. By examining the machinations of hate crime legislation at these two levels, it is argued that hate crime legislation works, simultaneously, to recognize and deny: (1) the violence of citizenship; and (2) the fear that the oppressed will seek revenge and retaliate for this experience by using violence themselves.

Local Action on Behalf of Local Collectives in the U.S. and Israel: How Different are Leaders from Members in Voluntary Associations?

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
Robert R., Friedmann ◽  
Paul, Florin ◽  
Abraham, Wandersman ◽  
Ron, Meier
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
The U.S

While leadership in voluntary organizations is important to the understanding of voluntary action, not enough is known about differences between leaders and members in voluntary organizations. This study explored the differences between leaders and members in local voluntary organizations in the U.S. and Israel. Using discriminant function analysis on demographic characteristics, social psychological variables, and cost-benefit relationships it was found that leaders differ significantly from members in several of these areas. Patterns of greatest similarity were found between the American and Israeli participants on the social psychological variables. Gender distinguished members from leaders in Israel; occupation and education did so in the U.S. A very significant finding in the area of costs and benefits was that leaders perceived their activism as more costly than did members; leaders viewed costs to their participation as being equal to benefits while members perceived more benefits than costs.

scholarly journals Sixty Years of Language Motivation Research

SAGE Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824401770197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali H. Al-Hoorie
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Motivation To Learn ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Affective Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Emerging Themes

This article offers a historical analysis of the major themes that the language motivation field has examined in its 60-year history. The discussion starts by briefly reviewing the social-psychological and the situated–cognitive periods. The former was primarily concerned with affective factors in intergroup relations, while the latter with learners in classroom contexts. The second half of the article surveys a number of emerging themes in the field to highlight major findings and potential future directions. These themes include the dynamic, affective, unconscious, and long-term aspects of motivation to learn English and other languages, as well as the implications of the pervasive presence of technology in daily life.

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