The Exposome in Toxicologic Pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-720
Author(s):  
Brad Bolon ◽  
Wanda M. Haschek
Keyword(s):  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Lifetime Spectrum ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Exposure History ◽  
Animal Toxicity ◽  
Equivalent Test

The “exposome” is an individual’s lifetime spectrum of chemical exposures beginning at conception. An exposome includes general external influences such as pollution and weather; external individual-specific factors (diet, infections, self-selected chemical intake); and internal individual-specific constituents (metabolic byproducts, microbiome derivatives, inflammatory mediators, stress hormones, etc). The exposome paradigm is inherent in animal toxicity testing because laboratory studies are designed so that subjects share a common exposure history encompassing not only exposure(s)/treatment(s) but also other chemical sources (eg, air, bedding, food, water). Toxicologic pathologists should remember that some differences in responsiveness to a test article may reflect subtle differences in individual exposomes of seemingly equivalent test animals. Translation of toxicity data obtained in tests of genetically inbred animals maintained under controlled environmental conditions to produce quasi-identical exposomes at best offers only approximate guidance regarding potential responses in genetically heterogeneous human populations who live in many environmental settings and thus have divergent, complex exposomes.

scholarly journals Environmental Risk of Pesticides for Fish in Small- and Medium-Sized Streams of Switzerland

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Inge Werner ◽  
Anke Schneeweiss ◽  
Helmut Segner ◽  
Marion Junghans
Keyword(s):  
Life History Traits ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Fish Health ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Single Substance ◽  
Chronic Risk

This study assessed the acute and chronic risk of pesticides, singly and as mixtures, for fish using comprehensive chemical data of four monitoring studies conducted in small- and medium-sized streams of Switzerland between 2012 and 2018. Pesticides were ranked based on single substance risk quotients and relative contribution to mixture risk. Concentrations of the pyrethroid insecticides, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and the fungicides, carbendazim and fenpropimorph, posed acute or chronic single substance risks. Risk quotients of eighteen additional pesticides were equal or greater than 0.1, and thirteen of those contributed ≥30% to mixture risk. Relatively few substances dominated the mixture risk in most water samples, with chronic and acute maximum cumulative ratios never exceeding 5 and 7, respectively. A literature review of toxicity data showed that concentrations of several pesticides detected in Swiss streams were sufficient to cause direct sublethal effects on fish in laboratory studies. Based on the results of our study, we conclude that pesticides detected in Swiss streams, especially pyrethroid insecticides, fungicides and pesticide mixtures, pose a risk to fish health and can cause direct sublethal effects at environmental concentrations. Sensitive life stages of species with highly specialized life history traits may be particularly vulnerable; however, the lack of toxicity data for non-model species currently prevents a conclusive assessment across species.

scholarly journals E-cigarette Use and Respiratory Disorder: An Integrative Review of Converging Evidence from Epidemiological and Laboratory Studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 1901815
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Wills ◽  
Samir S. Soneji ◽  
Kelvin Choi ◽  
Ilona Jaspers ◽  
Elizabeth K. Tam
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Respiratory Disorder ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Consistency Strength

BackgroundUse of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is prevalent among adolescents and young adults but there has been limited knowledge about health consequences in human populations. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of results on respiratory disorder from studies of general-population samples and consider the mapping of these results to findings about biological processes linked to e-cigarettes in controlled laboratory studies.MethodWe conduct a literature search and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies on the association of e-cigarette use with asthma and with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We then discuss findings from laboratory studies about effects of e-cigarettes on four biological processes: cytotoxicity, oxidative stress/inflammation, susceptibility to infection, and genetic expression.ResultsEpidemiological studies, both cross-sectional and longitudinal, show a significant association of e-cigarette use with asthma and COPD, controlling for cigarette smoking and other covariates. For asthma (n=15 studies), the pooled adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was 1.39 (CI 1.28–1.51); for COPD (n=9 studies) the AOR was 1.49 (CI 1.36–1.65). Laboratory studies consistently show an effect of e-cigarettes on biological processes related to respiratory harm and susceptibility to illness, with e-cigarette conditions differing significantly from clean-air controls though sometimes less than for cigarettes.ConclusionsThe evidence from epidemiological studies meets established criteria for consistency, strength of effect, temporality, and in some cases a dose-response gradient. Biological plausibility is indicated by evidence from multiple laboratory studies. We conclude that e-cigarette use has consequences for asthma and COPD, which is of significant concern for respirology and public health.

The Computerization of Histopathological Data in Toxicological Laboratory Studies Using SNOP

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (04) ◽  
pp. 272-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Data Bank ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Histopathological Findings ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
House Values ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Animal Toxicity ◽  
Improved Accuracy ◽  
Computerized System

A computerized system, based on the Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP), for the recording, storage and retrieval of histopathological findings in animal toxicity studies, is described. The system is novel in that every diagnostic term used is given a precise definition agreed upon by the pathologists concerned, and which can be revised whenever necessary. It has resulted in standardization of terminology, greater speed in association with improved accuracy and presentation of reports, and the establishment of a data bank from which in-house values can be readily retrieved. Finally, it has led to an enormous saving hi the time of both pathologists and secretaries.

A Multicentre Evaluation Study of In Vitro Cytotoxicity

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-146
Author(s):  
V. Bernson ◽  
I. Bondesson ◽  
B. Ekwall ◽  
K. Stenberg ◽  
E. Walum
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Study ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Animal Toxicity

A programme for a multicentre evaluation study of in vitro cytoxicity (MEIC) is proposed. The programme will try to evaluate the correlation between both lethal and sublethal toxic effects in man and in vitro cytotoxicity. Animal toxicity data will be included, to provide an opportunity for evaluating the species gap between man and laboratory animals. A list of chemicals to be used in this study is presented.

Approaches to extrapolating animal toxicity data on organic solvents to public health

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Bushnell ◽  
William K. Boyes ◽  
Timothy J. Shafer ◽  
Ambuja S. Bale ◽  
Vernon A. Benignus
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Animal Toxicity

Refined animal toxicity testing using unequally sized dose groups and Benchmark dose analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. S228
Author(s):  
Mattias Öberg ◽  
Joakim Ringblom ◽  
Fereshteh Kalantari ◽  
Gunnar Johanson
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Benchmark Dose ◽  
Animal Toxicity

scholarly journals Toxic Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Animal Data

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl a) ◽  
pp. 23A-26A ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Animal Data ◽  
Animal Toxicity

The present article reviews the main toxic effects of cannabis and cannabinoids in animals. Toxic effects can be separated into acute and chronic classifications. Acute toxicity studies show that it is virtually impossible to die from acute administration of marijuana or tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive component of cannabis. Chronic toxicity involves lesions of airway and lung tissues, as well as problems of neurotoxicity, tolerance and dependence, and dysregulations in the immune and hormonal systems. Animal toxicity data, however, are difficult to extrapolate to humans.

scholarly journals Making scientific research accessible: Urban teens conducting field research in the Chicago metropolitan area

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P Mulligan ◽  
Ellen Bechtol ◽  
Mason Fidino ◽  
Elizabeth W Lehrer ◽  
Matthew Heintz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
School Year ◽  
Data Collection Process ◽  
Giving Up Density

As human populations’ transition to urban and suburban environments, there can be an evident disconnect from the natural world. Interactive programs can introduce youth to scientific methods with the hope of invoking an interest in nature. A majority of these programs, however, are brief and do not revisit key concepts after the data collection process is complete. To address this, the Hurvis Center for Learning Innovation and Collaboration designed programs primarily for underserved Chicago-area high school youth to work as “student field researchers.” The Partners in Fieldwork program contains 9 schools with 577 students collecting wildlife data throughout the school year using camera traps, bird surveys, giving-up density (GUD) studies, and acoustic bat monitors for our Urban Wildlife Institute (UWI) scientists. Cognitive gains and affective impact of participating students were analyzed by administering pre- and post-knowledge questionnaires, post-program surveys (0, 6, and 12 months after the program), and focus group discussions. Another program, the Research Apprenticeship Program (RAP) allows four teen youth to shadow both the UWI and the Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology at Lincoln Park Zoo. Youth collected data over the course of eight weeks ranging from butterfly and dragonfly surveys to evaluating stress hormones in Bactrian Camels. RAP youth compiled and analyzed their data into scientific posters and a formal presentation. An extension of the RAP program allows youth to continue their experience once a month during the school year by strengthening their career building skills and designing a custom field trip for their peers. Further evaluation of both programs is currently underway.

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