scholarly journals Environmental Risk of Pesticides for Fish in Small- and Medium-Sized Streams of Switzerland

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Inge Werner ◽  
Anke Schneeweiss ◽  
Helmut Segner ◽  
Marion Junghans
Keyword(s):  
Life History Traits ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Fish Health ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Single Substance ◽  
Chronic Risk

This study assessed the acute and chronic risk of pesticides, singly and as mixtures, for fish using comprehensive chemical data of four monitoring studies conducted in small- and medium-sized streams of Switzerland between 2012 and 2018. Pesticides were ranked based on single substance risk quotients and relative contribution to mixture risk. Concentrations of the pyrethroid insecticides, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and the fungicides, carbendazim and fenpropimorph, posed acute or chronic single substance risks. Risk quotients of eighteen additional pesticides were equal or greater than 0.1, and thirteen of those contributed ≥30% to mixture risk. Relatively few substances dominated the mixture risk in most water samples, with chronic and acute maximum cumulative ratios never exceeding 5 and 7, respectively. A literature review of toxicity data showed that concentrations of several pesticides detected in Swiss streams were sufficient to cause direct sublethal effects on fish in laboratory studies. Based on the results of our study, we conclude that pesticides detected in Swiss streams, especially pyrethroid insecticides, fungicides and pesticide mixtures, pose a risk to fish health and can cause direct sublethal effects at environmental concentrations. Sensitive life stages of species with highly specialized life history traits may be particularly vulnerable; however, the lack of toxicity data for non-model species currently prevents a conclusive assessment across species.

Marine Quality Standards: Their Derivation and Application in the United Kingdom

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 1187-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mance ◽  
A. R. O'Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Nickel Zinc ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Common ◽  
Lead Nickel ◽  
The Impact

This paper discusses the derivation of environmental quality standards for coastal waters and the difficulties of using such standards for controlling industrial discharges. Attention is focused on the common List II substances, copper, chromium, lead, nickel, zinc and arsenic - and their effects on marine life. The adequacy of existing toxicity data is discussed and it is concluded that long exposure tests are required to provide information on sublethal effects. Such data are currently limited. It is also important that consideration be given to the effects that reducing salinities and increasing temperatures have in increasing the toxicity of these substances. The complexity of interpreting the results of laboratory toxicity data to coastal waters is discussed with reference to a study of the impact of an industrial discharge.

scholarly journals Predictive ecological risk assessment of pesticide mixtures in Mediterranean porous aquifers

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Di Lorenzo ◽  
Marco Cifoni ◽  
Barbara Fiasca ◽  
Alessia Di Cioccio ◽  
Diana Galassi
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Risk Quotient ◽  
Environmental Concentration ◽  
Pesticide Mixtures ◽  
Abruzzo Region ◽  
Effect Concentration ◽  
Porous Aquifers

The ecological risk assessment (ERA) of chemical substances is based on the premise that the protection of the most sensitive taxon safeguards the overall community. Given the severe scarcity of ecotoxicological data concerning groundwater species, we felt urged to consider epigean model species’ sensitivity data to determine the safe pesticide concentrations for obligate groundwater dwelling species. To this end, we performed the ERA of pesticide mixtures occurring in eleven Mediterranean porous aquifers (Abruzzo region; central Italy). The evaluation was based on data collected between 2010 and 2015 by the environmental protection agency of Abruzzo region (ARTA Abruzzo) and included 42 pesticides and 1953 samples. We applied a step-wise procedure: we used the Measured Environmental Concentration (MEC); we estimated the Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) and we established the ecological risk as Risk Quotient (RQ) based on the ∑MECi/PNECi ratio following a concentration addition model for mixtures’ toxicity. we used the Measured Environmental Concentration (MEC); we estimated the Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) and we established the ecological risk as Risk Quotient (RQ) based on the ∑MECi/PNECi ratio following a concentration addition model for mixtures’ toxicity. The PNEC was regarded as the concentration below which a harmful effect will most likely not occur to the groundwater dwelling fauna. The toxicity data used to compute the PNEC values were obtained from the US. EPA ECOTOX database confining the search to epigean crustaceans. Missing toxicity data were estimated by ECOSAR v.1.11. PNEC values were calculated by dividing the lowest short-term L(E)C50 value (that refers to the concentration at which 50% of its maximal effect was observed in test species) by appropriate assessment factors (AF). The AF values were selected according to the difference in the sensitivities of groundwater and epigean crustaceans derived from the available studies. Groundwater crustacean species were generally less sensitive to acute exposure to chemicals than the model species Daphnia magna. However, they were more sensitive than their epigean relatives when the comparisons were made among organisms sharing the same family/order. This result suggests caution when inferring the sensitivity of groundwater species from that of epigean taxa. The ecological risk was scored using a binary ecological classification suggesting that appreciable risk is likely when RQ≥1. Pesticide mixture risks were often driven by a minimum of 2 to 11 compounds in the eleven aquifers of Abruzzo region. However, the risk-drivers (i.e., individual pesticides explaining the largest share of potential effects) differed substantially among the aquifers. The results of this study have been published by Di Lorenzo et al. (2018).

The effects of Spiromesifen on life history traits and demographic parameters of predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and its prey Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1512-1525
Author(s):  
Niloufar Sangak Sani Bozhgani1 ◽  
Katayoon Kheradmand ◽  
Aliasghar Talebi
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
Neoseiulus Californicus ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Demographic Parameters ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Estimating sublethal effects of acaricides on phytoseiid mites and their prey as a reliable approach in predicting the acaricides impacts is mandatory for IPM programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of spiromesifen on life history traits and demographic parameters of the offspring of Neoseiulus californicus and Tetranychus urticae under laboratory conditions [25 ± 2ºC, 70 ± 5% RH and 16:8 (L:D) h]. The experiments were conducted based on the leaf-dip technique. The crude data were analysed based on age-stage, two-sex life table analysis. The pre-adult and adult longevity of both sexes significantly reduced for N. califonicus and T. urticae with the concentration enhancing from LC20 to LC35. In addition, the oviposition period for both species significantly decreased as a consequence of treatment with LC25 and LC35 of spiromesifen. The minimal values of the total fecundity for N. califonicus and T. urticae were 16.58 and 19.35 (offspring/individual), respectively, which was related to LC35 concentration. Further, the lowest values of R0 and GRR of N. califonicus and its prey were 48.88 and 31.14 (offspring/individual) in LC35, respectively. However, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were not significantly influenced by sublethal concentration in N. californicus while the r and λ were significantly reduced in T. urticae treated by LC20, LC25 and LC35. Therefore, spiromesifen could profoundly decrease the population growth rate of T. urticae but can not be considered as a compatible acaricide with N. califonicus because of its negative effect on the longevity, total lifespan, and reproductive periods and should not be used with this predatory mite in integrated pest management programs.

scholarly journals Louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) infestations of the Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) and the Red-footed Falcon

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre Sándor Piross ◽  
Péter Fehérvári ◽  
Zoltán Vas ◽  
Szabolcs Solt ◽  
Éva Horváth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Life History ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Louse Species ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
First Time

Abstract Little is known about the louse species harboured by Red-footed and Amur Falcons despite the fact that various life-history traits of these hosts make them good model species to study host-parasite interactions. We collected lice samples from fully grown Amur (n=20) and Red-footed Falcons (n=59), and from nestlings of Red-footed Falcons (n=179) in four countries: Hungary, India, Italy and South Africa. We identified 3 louse species on both host species, namely Degeeriella rufa, Colpocephalum subzerafae and Laembothrion tinnunculi. The latter species has never been found on these hosts. Comparing population parameters of lice between hosts we found significantly higher prevalence levels of D. rufa and C. subzerafae on Amur Falcons. Adult Red-footed Falcons had higher D. rufa prevalence compared to C. subzerafae. For the first time we also show inter-annual shift in prevalence and intensity levels of these species on Red-footed Falcons; in 2012 on adult hosts C. subzerafae had higher intensity levels than D. rufa, however in 2014 D. rufa had significantly higher intensity compared to C. subzerafae. In case of nestlings both louse species had significantly higher preva lence levels than in 2014. The exact causes of such inter-annual shifts are yet to be understood.

scholarly journals Marine biorhythms: bridging chronobiology and ecology

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1734) ◽  
pp. 20160253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bulla ◽  
Thomas Oudman ◽  
Allert I. Bijleveld ◽  
Theunis Piersma ◽  
Charalambos P. Kyriacou
Keyword(s):  
Clock Genes ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Free Living ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Circadian Clock Genes ◽  
Molecular Bases

Marine organisms adapt to complex temporal environments that include daily, tidal, semi-lunar, lunar and seasonal cycles. However, our understanding of marine biological rhythms and their underlying molecular basis is mainly confined to a few model organisms in rather simplistic laboratory settings. Here, we use new empirical data and recent examples of marine biorhythms to highlight how field ecologists and laboratory chronobiologists can complement each other's efforts. First, with continuous tracking of intertidal shorebirds in the field, we reveal individual differences in tidal and circadian foraging rhythms. Second, we demonstrate that shorebird species that spend 8–10 months in tidal environments rarely maintain such tidal or circadian rhythms during breeding, likely because of other, more pertinent, temporally structured, local ecological pressures such as predation or social environment. Finally, we use examples of initial findings from invertebrates (arthropods and polychaete worms) that are being developed as model species to study the molecular bases of lunar-related rhythms. These examples indicate that canonical circadian clock genes (i.e. the homologous clock genes identified in many higher organisms) may not be involved in lunar/tidal phenotypes. Together, our results and the examples we describe emphasize that linking field and laboratory studies is likely to generate a better ecological appreciation of lunar-related rhythms in the wild. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals’.

scholarly journals Parent-to-offspring transfer of sublethal effects of copper exposure: Metabolic rate and life-history traits of Daphnia

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAURICIO A FERNÁNDEZ-GONZÁLEZ ◽  
JAVIER GONZÁLEZ-BARRIENTOS ◽  
MAURICIO J CARTER ◽  
RODRIGO RAMOS-JILIBERTO
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Copper Exposure

scholarly journals Zebrafish Models in Neural and Behavioral Toxicology across the Life Stages

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Patrícia Dutra Costa ◽  
Layana Aquino Moura ◽  
Sabrina Alana Gomes Pinto ◽  
Monica Gomes Lima-Maximino ◽  
Caio Maximino
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Neurobehavioral Function ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Behavioral Domains

The industry is increasingly relying on fish for toxicity assessment. However, current guidelines for toxicity assessment focus on teratogenicity and mortality. From an ecotoxicological point of view, however, these endpoints may not reflect the “full picture” of possible deleterious effects that can nonetheless result in decreased fitness and/or inability to adapt to a changing environment, affecting whole populations. Therefore, assessing sublethal effects add relevant data covering different aspects of toxicity at different levels of analysis. Impacts of toxicants on neurobehavioral function have the potential to affect many different life-history traits, and are easier to assess in the laboratory than in the wild. We propose that carefully-controlled laboratory experiments on different behavioral domains – including anxiety, aggression, and exploration – can increase our understanding of the ecotoxicological impacts of contaminants, since these domains are related to traits such as defense, sociality, and reproduction, directly impacting life-history traits. The effects of selected contaminants on these tests are reviewed, focusing on larval and adult zebrafish, showing that these behavioral domains are highly sensitive to small concentrations of these substances. These strategies suggest a way forward on ecotoxicological research using fish.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF Ipomoea cairica LINN. EXTRACT ON LIFE HISTORY TRAITS OF DENGUE VECTORS

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Fatma ZUHARAH ◽  
Rattanam AHBIRAMI ◽  
Hamady DIENG ◽  
Maniam THIAGALETCHUMI ◽  
Nik FADZLY
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Dengue Vectors
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