The Effects of the 1930s HOLC “Redlining” Maps

This study uses a boundary design and propensity score methods to study the effects of the 1930s-era Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) “redlining” maps on the long-run trajectories of urban neighborhoods. The maps led to reduced home ownership rates, house values, and rents and increased racial segregation in later decades. A comparison on either side of a city-level population cutoff that determined whether maps were drawn finds broadly similar conclusions. These results suggest the HOLC maps had meaningful and lasting effects on the development of urban neighborhoods through reduced credit access and subsequent disinvestment. (JEL G21, J15, N32, N42, N92, R23, R31)

Linking Social Vulnerability and Adverse Birth Outcomes in the Southeast United States

Background This study aims to explore the relationship between social vulnerability (SoVI)indicators (race/ethnicity, population structure, socioeconomic status, housing structure, and access/functional needs) with low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery (PTD) rates across the Southeastern United States. Methods Annual low birth weight and premature birth rates for all counties were collected between 2000 and 2015. LBW and PTD were recoded into two categories below (0) and above (1) the annual national average for each year. Multinomial logistic regression (MLR) was employed to conduct regression analysis to investigate the relationship. Results Twenty-six and twenty-four different social vulnerability indicators were influential in predicting low birth weight rates and preterm delivery across the SE United States from 2005–2015, respectively. Racial and ethnic variables were among the most frequent influential social vulnerability indicators of low birth weights. Like race and ethnicity, counties with low and medium house values have a higher likelihood of low LBW compared to counties with higher house values. Unlike LBW, race and ethnic characteristics influence PTD rates across the study area in different ways. Whereas LBW rates are driven up in counties with low/medium Hispanic populations compared to high percentage counties, PTD is more strongly associated with Black communities. Further, population structure and socioeconomic status indicators provide the most robust indication of counties more likely to have higher PTD than the national average. Conclusion Influential variables point toward a dire need to comprehensively understand the links between social vulnerability and LBW and PTD. Moving toward a comprehensive view of social vulnerability borne out of the hazards literature provides a more robust understanding of the drivers of adverse birth outcomes that has rarely been addressed in the literature.

Etnopedagogi Berlandaskan Nilai-Nilai Rumah Betang dalam Pembelajaran Sosiologi

Betang house is a traditional house of Dayak ethnicity which has various values that behavein life. Betang house values are part of the character of the Indonesian people so that theycan be implemented in sociology subjects based on ethnopedagogy.This research uses aliterature study method based on various relevant documents. The results of this studyindicate that in implementing the values of betang houses in class X, XI and XI materials canmake students have character that is sourced from the values of local wisdom in their area,especially in West Kalimantan Province.Furthermore, the use of learning models in sociologysubjects is the use of learning models that are tailored to each material taught to studentssuch as the material in class X and XII used models of lecture and discussion learning.Whilethe class XI material uses the role playing learning model in material about community andmulticultural groups as an effort to provide students with an understanding of local wisdomand efforts to revitalize the values of the Betang house towards social life.

Reforming capital income taxation to improve housing affordability

New Zealand’s distortionary tax environment for housing imposes large costs on young people. Since 1989, New Zealand has taxed owner-occupied housing more lightly than other forms of capital income. In contrast, retirement savings have been taxed heavily. This combination has created a bias towards owner-occupied housing, encouraging homeowners to live in higher quality properties than they would under a neutral tax system, and bid up the price of land located near desirable amenities. While existing, often older homeowners have enjoyed high land and house values, our generation has faced artificially inflated house prices. Distortionary capital income taxation has contributed to New Zealand’s housing affordability crisis.

Minahasan Vernacular House; Values, Meanings, And Forms

House is one of human’s three primary needs. It is developed alongside human civilization. Minahasa as a part of that civilization developed vernacular architecture based on their culture’s unique values, meanings, and forms. This article is a part of research concerned in answering the questions of (1) how are the knowledge and technology used by Minahasan to build their vernacular house, (2) how are the shape and form of Minahasan vernacular house in Minahasa’s cultural development, and (3) what are the value and meaning of Minahasan vernacular house for its people. These three questions were being addressed in this research by using qualitative method with ethnographic approach, where every steps and results will be described by interpretation of several patterns from the values, meanings, and forms found in the research process. Ethnography was utilized to see phenomena in this research. The results are identification of values, meaning, and forms development in Minahasan vernacular house.

Torn Apart? The Impact of Manufacturing Employment Decline on Black and White Americans

This paper examines the impact of manufacturing employment decline on the socio-economic outcomes within and between black and white Americans since 1960. The analysis shows that manufacturing decline negatively impacted blacks in terms of their wages, employment, marriage rates, house values, poverty rates, death rates, single parenthood, teen motherhood, child poverty, and child mortality. In addition, the decline in manufacturing increased inequality within the black community for wages and other outcomes. Similar patterns are found for whites, but to a lesser degree – leading to larger gaps between whites and blacks in wages, marriage patterns, poverty, single-parenthood, and death rates.