scholarly journals Marketing a Computer System: Implications of the Buyers' Decision Processes

1988 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
T V Seshadri ◽  
N Kinra
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Computer System ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Questionnaire Study

Who, in the organization, buys the computer system? How are various departments involved in the organizational decision process? T V Seshadri and N Kinra analyse the decision processes of 30 organizations that had bought a computer system—mini, mainframe, or macro. Based on a questionnaire study and factor analysis, the authors conclude that the EDP department and Board of Directors are critical in the buying grids of the purchasing organizations. They draw implications of their findings for managers marketing computer systems.

Perangkat sumber daya manusia (brainware). S Mukhtar Ayubi Simatupang. PMM-1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Mukhtar Ayubi Simatupang
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Computer System ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Project Manager ◽  
Database Administrator ◽  
System Analyst

AbstrakBrainware adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk manusia yang digunakan untuk manusia yang berhubungan dengan sistem komputer. Manusia merupakan suatu elemen dari sistem komputer yang merancang bagaimana suatu mesin dapat bekerja sesuai dengan hasil yang diinginkan. Tingkatan brainware terdiri atas system analyst, programmer, administrator, dan operator. Bagian bagian brainware terdiri atas operator komputer, teknisi, trainer, konsultan, project manager, programmer, grapic designer, spesialis jaringan, database administrator, dan system analitis. Kata Kunci : Brainware (Perangkat Sumber Daya Manusia)AbstractBrainware is a term used for humans that is used for humans related to computer systems. Humans are an element of a computer system that designs how a machine can work in accordance with the desired results. The brainware level consists of system analysts, programmers, administrators, and operators. The brainware section consists of computer operators, technicians, trainers, consultants, project managers, programmers, grapic designers, network specialists, database administrators, and system analytics.Keywords: Brainware (Human Resources Tool)

Accountability in Computer Systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-196
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Computer System ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter addresses the relationship between AI systems and the concept of accountability. To understand accountability in the context of AI systems, one must begin by examining the various ways the term is used and the variety of concepts to which it is meant to refer. Accountability is often associated with transparency, the principle that systems and processes should be accessible to those affected through an understanding of their structure or function. For a computer system, this often means disclosure about the system’s existence, nature, and scope; scrutiny of its underlying data and reasoning approaches; and connection of the operative rules implemented by the system to the governing norms of its context. Transparency is a useful tool in the governance of computer systems, but only insofar as it serves accountability. There are other mechanisms available for building computer systems that support accountability of their creators and operators. Ultimately, accountability requires establishing answerability relationships that serve the interests of those affected by AI systems.

Comparison of search techniques (printed and computerised) with specific reference to the RTECS databank

1985 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Costigan ◽  
Frances E. Wood ◽  
David Bawden
Keyword(s):  
Computer System ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Substructure Search ◽  
Search Techniques ◽  
General Relevance ◽  
Text Searching

A comparative evaluation of three implementations of a large databank, the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chem ical Substances, has been carried out. The three implementa tions are: a printed index, a text searching computer system, and a computerised chemical databank system, with substruc ture searching facilities. Seven test queries were used, with the aim of drawing conclusions of general relevance to chemical databank searching. The computer systems were shown to have advantages over printed indexes for several of the queries, including those involving an element of browsing. Substructure search facilities were especially advantageous. Aspects of indexing of data present, and the criteria for inclusion of types of data, were also highlighted.

Clinical Decision Processes and Criteria for Social Validity

1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Millard ◽  
Ian M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Social Validity ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Order Problem ◽  
Dangerous Behavior ◽  
Fixed Order ◽  
Parametric Analyses

A sample of 12 clinical psychologists and 12 graduate students in clinical psychology performed an analogue task to investigate decision processes with respect to the judged salience of criteria for social validity. Six child cases were considered by all; each card contained information describing a dangerous behavior, information accompanied by an explicit normative refererence, the same information without a normative reference, or unrelated filler comments. Non-parametric analyses indicated that subjects consistently evaluated information about dangerous behavior as being more serious than any other concern; dangerousness was ranked first 94.4% of the time. Subjects did not distinguish between information with explicit normative referents and the same information without any such referents. Students and clinicians did not differ in their response to these categories of information. The results demonstrate the application of a fixed-order problem-solving method to study the clinical-decision process and suggest the importance of criteria for social validity in this sequence.

Strategic IT Investment Decisions

2011 ◽  
pp. 3589-3593
Author(s):  
Tzu-Chuan Chou ◽  
Robert G. Dyson ◽  
Philip L. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
It Investment ◽  
Strategic Investment ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Concept Of Information ◽  
Information Intensity

As many as half the decisions taken in organizations result in failure (Nutt, 1999). As information technology (IT) assumes a greater prominence in firms’ strategic portfolios, managers need to pay more attention to managing the technology. However, while IT can have a significant impact on organizational performance, it can also be a major inhibitor of change and can be a resource-hungry investment that often disappoints. Organizations can best influence the success of IT projects at the decision stage by rejecting poor ones and accepting beneficial ones. This may enable better implementation, as Nutt (1999) suggests most decision failures are due to implementation failure that tends to be under managers’ control. However, little is known about IT decision processes. Research demonstrates the importance of managing strategic IT investment decisions (SITIDs) effectively. SITIDs form part of the wider range of corporate strategic investment decisions (SIDs) that cover all aspects in which the organization might wish to invest. Strategic investment decisions will have different degrees of IT intensity that may impact outcome. IT investment intensity is the degree to which IT is present in an investment decision. That is, some decisions will be wholly about IT investments while others will have little or no IT—most, though, will be blended programs of IT and non-IT elements. Here, IT investment intensity is defined as the ratio of IT spending to total investment. The higher the IT investment intensity, the more important IT is to the whole investment. For example, Chou, Dyson, and Powell (1997) find IT investment intensity to be negatively associated with SID effectiveness. The concept of IT intensity is similar to, but also somewhat different from, the concept of information intensity. Information intensity is the degree to which information is present in the product or service (Porter & Millar, 1985). Management may use different processes in order to make different types of decisions (Dean & Sharfman, 1996). The link between decision process and outcome is so intimate that “the process is itself an outcome” (Mohr, 1982, p. 34). This may imply that the link between IT investment intensity and SID effectiveness is not direct but that the impact of IT investment intensity may be through the decision process. If different IT intensity in projects leads to different decision processes, leading to different outcomes, then it is important to know what factors act in this, in evaluating and managing SITIDs. This chapter presents an integrative framework for exploring the IT investment intensity-SID effectiveness relationship.

Cyber Operations, Legal Secrecy, and Civil-Military Relations

2020 ◽  
pp. 245-262
Author(s):  
Dakota S. Rudesill
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Civil Military Relations ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
Conventional Weapons ◽  
Planning Decision ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
And Control

What civil-military challenges will arise from the virtual world of cyber warfare? Congress and the president have grown increasingly comfortable with permissive grants of authorities and decentralized delegations—including via classified documents with legal force (secret law)—, allowing military commanders to operationalize cyber tools in both defensive and offensive modes with greater ease and frequency. These cyber tools are unusually complex in their variety, design, and potential uses, at least relative to more traditional and conventional weapons. Their technical attributes render them difficult to monitor and regulate because those responsible for decisions to use such weapons—civilian officials—are often least likely to have experience or familiarity with them. The relatively low-cost, rapid-effect nature of cyberwar also encourages not just use in armed conflict, but also below the standard threshold of war. Cyber operations initiated without careful inter-agency planning, decision process, and presidential review drive up operational risk and undermine civil-military norms. To foster more effective civilian oversight and control of the nation’s military’s cyber sword, and to encourage more deliberative application of ever-evolving technologies, Congress should use its constitutional authorities over “the [cyber] land and naval Forces” to craft better decision processes and better civil-military and legal transparency balances.

Uniformization for semi-Markov decision processes under stationary policies

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (03) ◽  
pp. 644-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick J. Beutler ◽  
Keith W. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Markov Decision Processes ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Stationary Processes ◽  
Original Process ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Time Optimal ◽  
Randomized Policies ◽  
Average Rewards

Uniformization permits the replacement of a semi-Markov decision process (SMDP) by a Markov chain exhibiting the same average rewards for simple (non-randomized) policies. It is shown that various anomalies may occur, especially for stationary (randomized) policies; uniformization introduces virtual jumps with concomitant action changes not present in the original process. Since these lead to discrepancies in the average rewards for stationary processes, uniformization can be accepted as valid only for simple policies. We generalize uniformization to yield consistent results for stationary policies also. These results are applied to constrained optimization of SMDP, in which stationary (randomized) policies appear naturally. The structure of optimal constrained SMDP policies can then be elucidated by studying the corresponding controlled Markov chains. Moreover, constrained SMDP optimal policy computations can be more easily implemented in discrete time, the generalized uniformization being employed to relate discrete- and continuous-time optimal constrained policies.

Rehabilitation of water networks: analysis of the decision making processes

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
J.P. Torterotot ◽  
M. Rebelo ◽  
C. Werey ◽  
J. Craveiro
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Water Pipes ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Operational Decision Making ◽  
Networks Analysis ◽  
Institutional Stakeholders

The European Project CARE-W (Computer Aided Rehabilitation of Water Networks), which is supported by the European Commission, has created and tested a prototype of decision support system for the rehabilitation of water pipes. Inside the project, the present operational decision making processes have been analysed in 14 water utilities. The objectives were to identify the involved actors and their interactions, as well as the structure (formal and non formal) of the decision processes: institutional and regulatory contexts, steps of decision making, information fluxes, sharing out of responsibilities and of influence, participation of social and institutional stakeholders. Synthetic results are presented. The cases studied are diversified on several aspects. An “average” situation could be described as showing a moderate level of confrontation, with rather formalised procedures, and very centralised decision making out of the interrelations with road works programming. The highest diversity encountered among the utilities concerns the level of information inside the decision process: data considered, fluxes of information, “sophistication” of criteria taken into account.

Effects of intuitive judgments on consumer assortment evaluations

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolande Piris ◽  
Nathalie Guibert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Intuitive Judgments ◽  
Perceived Choice

Purpose – This paper aims to apply intuition theory to clarify consumers’ assortment evaluations. For each decision process, this paper explores how perceptions of organization and variety influence consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 504 observations were collected across three product categories. Perceived choice, time and expertise in the product category provide proxies to distinguish between intuitive and deliberative systems. The intuitive system further consists of intuition based on either expertise or heuristics. Findings – It was revealed that distinct decision processes (deliberative, intuitive based on expertise and intuitive based on heuristics) affect the link between assortment perceptions and consumers’ assortment evaluations. Consumers’ evaluations in deliberative- and heuristic-based intuitive systems rely more on perceptions of organization than of variety; whereas intuitive judgments based on expertise depend almost equally on both perceptions. Research limitations/implications – Some limitations have to be underlined. The approximations used could be more precise and are subjective in nature. Moreover, the ordinary product categories that were studied might encourage more intuitive decisions by consumers. If so, the deliberative mode of thinking might have been underrepresented in this sample. Originality/value – Despite the limitations, this research is, to our knowledge, the first to explore the influence of intuition theory on ordinary shopping and in particular on assortment perception. As such, it contributes to a deeper understanding of this theory in the field.

Battlefield Agent Decision-Making Based on Markov Decision Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-227
Author(s):  
Jia Zhang ◽  
◽  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Fang Deng ◽  
Bin Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
Battlefield Environment ◽  
Dynamic Adaptability

Battlefield decision-making is an important part of modern information warfare. It can analyze and integrate battlefield information, reduce operators’ work and assist them to make decisions quickly in complex battlefield environment. The paper presents a dynamic battlefield decision-making method based on Markov Decision Processes (MDP). By this method, operators can get decision support quickly in the case of incomplete information. In order to improve the credibility of decisions, dynamic adaptability and intelligence, softmax regression and random forest are introduced to improve the MDP model. Simulations show that the method is intuitive and practical, and has remarkable advantages in solving the dynamic decision problems under incomplete information.

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