A Tutorial for Analysing the Cost-effectiveness of Alternative Methods for Assessing Chemical Toxicity: The Case of Acute Oral Toxicity Prediction

This presentation describes the need for, and benefits of, documenting savings realized through the application of human factors principles. Benefits of documenting savings are described as they affect the human factors specialist, management, and the customer. Non-recurring costs which result from a human factors investment, as well as resultant savings, must be considered in determining the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Areas in which the human factors specialist can have an impact are defined and alternative methods of reporting savings are described.

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Alternative Methods for the Median Lethal Dose (LD50) Test: The Up-and-Down Procedure for Acute Oral Toxicity

ILAR Journal ◽

10.1093/ilar.43.4.233 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 233-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

A. Rispin ◽

D. Farrar ◽

E. Margosches ◽

K. Gupta ◽

K. Stitzel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lethal Dose ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Acute Oral Toxicity ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Median Lethal Dose ◽

Ld50 Test

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STopTox: An In-Silico Alternative to Animal Testing for Acute Systemic and TOPical TOXicity

10.26434/chemrxiv.13283930.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joyce V. V. B. Borba ◽

Vinicius Alves ◽

Rodolpho Braga ◽

Daniel Korn ◽

Kirsten Overdahl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Irritation ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Inhalation Toxicity ◽

Chemical Toxicity ◽

Animal Testing ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Qsar Models ◽

Us Epa ◽

Acute Toxicity Tests

<p><a>Since 2009, animal testing for cosmetic products has been prohibited in Europe, and in 2016, US EPA announced their intent to modernize the so-called "6-pack" of acute toxicity tests (acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity, skin irritation and corrosion, eye irritation and corrosion, and skin sensitization) and expand acceptance of alternative methods to reduce animal testing of pesticides. We have compiled, curated, and integrated the largest publicly available dataset and developed an ensemble of QSAR models for all six endpoints. All models were validated according to the OECD QSAR principles and tested using newly identified data on compounds not included in the training sets. We have established a publicly accessible Systemic and Topical chemical Toxicity (STopTox) web portal (https://stoptox.mml.unc.edu/) integrating all developed models for “6-pack” assays. This portal can be used by scientists and regulators to identify putative toxicants or non-toxicants in chemical libraries of interest.</a></p>

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STopTox: An In-Silico Alternative to Animal Testing for Acute Systemic and TOPical TOXicity

10.26434/chemrxiv.13283930 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joyce V. V. B. Borba ◽

Vinicius Alves ◽

Rodolpho Braga ◽

Daniel Korn ◽

Kirsten Overdahl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Irritation ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Inhalation Toxicity ◽

Chemical Toxicity ◽

Animal Testing ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Qsar Models ◽

Us Epa ◽

Acute Toxicity Tests

<p><a>Since 2009, animal testing for cosmetic products has been prohibited in Europe, and in 2016, US EPA announced their intent to modernize the so-called "6-pack" of acute toxicity tests (acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity, skin irritation and corrosion, eye irritation and corrosion, and skin sensitization) and expand acceptance of alternative methods to reduce animal testing of pesticides. We have compiled, curated, and integrated the largest publicly available dataset and developed an ensemble of QSAR models for all six endpoints. All models were validated according to the OECD QSAR principles and tested using newly identified data on compounds not included in the training sets. We have established a publicly accessible Systemic and Topical chemical Toxicity (STopTox) web portal (https://stoptox.mml.unc.edu/) integrating all developed models for “6-pack” assays. This portal can be used by scientists and regulators to identify putative toxicants or non-toxicants in chemical libraries of interest.</a></p>

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Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness of a Suicide Barrier on the Golden Gate Bridge

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000179 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 98-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Dayna Atkins Whitmer ◽

David Lauren Woods

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

San Francisco ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Suicide Mortality ◽

Golden Gate ◽

Golden Gate Bridge ◽

The Cost

Background: The Golden Gate Bridge (GGB) is a well-known “suicide magnet” and the site of approximately 30 suicides per year. Recently, a suicide barrier was approved to prevent further suicides. Aims: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of the proposed suicide barrier, we compared the proposed costs of the barrier over a 20-year period ($51.6 million) to estimated reductions in mortality. Method: We reviewed San Francisco and Golden Gate Bridge suicides over a 70-year period (1936–2006). We assumed that all suicides prevented by the barrier would attempt suicide with alternative methods and estimated the mortality reduction based on the difference in lethality between GGB jumps and other suicide methods. Cost/benefit analyses utilized estimates of value of statistical life (VSL) used in highway projects. Results: GGB suicides occur at a rate of approximately 30 per year, with a lethality of 98%. Jumping from other structures has an average lethality of 47%. Assuming that unsuccessful suicides eventually committed suicide at previously reported (12–13%) rates, approximately 286 lives would be saved over a 20-year period at an average cost/life of approximately $180,419 i.e., roughly 6% of US Department of Transportation minimal VSL estimate ($3.2 million). Conclusions: Cost-benefit analysis suggests that a suicide barrier on the GGB would result in a highly cost-effective reduction in suicide mortality in the San Francisco Bay Area.

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Toxicity Effect of Carbon Nanotubes

Nano LIFE ◽

10.1142/s1793984414410098 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 04 (03) ◽

pp. 1441009 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhuo Zhao ◽

Ming Liu ◽

Xiaochuan Jia ◽

Hua Wang ◽

Zhipeng Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Reproductive Toxicity ◽

Test Methods ◽

Standard Test ◽

Acute Oral Toxicity ◽

Chemical Toxicity ◽

Oral Toxicity

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been known as one of the most important nanomaterials and their toxicological effects in vivo have been widely concerned. According to "Globally Harmonized System of classification and Labelling of Chemicals" (GHS) classification regulation, here, we analyzed the local toxicity (skin corrosion/irritation), acute oral toxicity, aquatic acute toxicity and reproductive toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with the "Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development" (OECD) recommended chemical toxicity standard test methods. The experimental results showed that the LD50 and LC50 of SWCNT are all higher (LC50 more than 5000 mg/kg bw, LC50 more than 100 mg/L), but the skin irritation score is 0.6. As the standard of GHS, that means the SWCNT has no acute oral toxicity and aquatic acute toxicity, but it belongs to skin mild irritation substance. The investigations of reproductive toxicity showed that rate of cell micronuclei formation was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in 10.0 mg/kg dose group, and rate of mice sperm deformity was increased too (p < 0.05) in infected groups indicating that the SWCNT played a potentially role in reproductive toxicity.

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