Organ Culture of Human Lymph Nodes, Normal or with Malignant Lymphomas

1971 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-348
Author(s):  
Roberto Navone
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukaemia ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Reticulum Cell ◽  
Malignant Lymphomas ◽  
Severe Fibrosis

Human lymph nodes, normal or with malignant lymphomas, in organ culture present after four days various types of changes (loss of lymphocytes, necrosis, and fibrotic hyaline changes). In many cases these changes do not destroy the original structure. The latter is more recognizable in reactive hyperplasias, in lymphosarcomas, in reticulum cell sarcomas and in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia than in Hodgkin's disease. Severe fibrosis constitutes a fairly characteristic feature differentiating Hodgkin's disease from other lymphomas.

The Pathology of Malignant Lymphoma in Cattle: A Study of 1113 Cases

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilton A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Malignant Lymphoma ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Malignant Lymphomas ◽  
Defensive Reaction ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Histological Types

About 1100 cases of malignant lymphoma were studied. Malignant lymphomas in cattle occur mostly at the older ages but they are by no means absent in the very young. Sex, breed and season of the year have little significance. Nearly all organs and tissues are susceptible to invasion, but some much more so than others, lymph nodes and heart being outstanding. Several histological types are described, as well as a relation to Hodgkin's disease. Reactions by eosinophils, plasma cells and other cells are described and an attempt made to evaluate them etiologically. Considerable evidence suggests that this neoplastic disease originates as an unsuccessful, generalized defensive reaction.

scholarly journals PHASE MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF HODGKIN’S DISEASE LYMPH NODES IN RELATION TO HISTOGENESIS OF THE STERNBERG-REED CELL

Blood ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORGE T. HOFFMANN ◽  
ANTONIO ROTTINO
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reticulum Cell ◽  
Phase Microscopy ◽  
Cellular Components

Abstract 1. The free reticulum cell in Hodgkin’s disease undergoes progressive cytologic alterations leading to the formation of Sternberg-Reed cells. 2. The other free cellular components of Hodgkin’s disease nodes are cytologically normal.

Diagnostic Cell Pathology in Lymph Nodes Diseases

1972 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 289-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Pilotti ◽  
Franco Rilke
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Malignant Lymphomas ◽  
Histological Sections ◽  
Histiocytic Lymphoma ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Nuclear Structures ◽  
Metastatic Malignant Tumor

The investigation is based on the cytological findings in imprints, stained by the modified Papanicolaou E.A. 50 method, of 190 lymph nodes, of which 10 were normal 60 with benign diseases, 58 with malignant lymphomas and 62 with metastases. The cytological data were controlled by and correlated with histological sections. Touch preparations of lymph nodes do not present technical difficulties, are rapidly prepared and are always satisfactory. Cytological details are much better preserved and more recognizable than in histological sections but little information on lymph node organization is yielded. Imprints do not replace tissue diagnoses or even frozen sections, but under certain circumstances they may supply sufficient data for immediate diagnostic purposes, such as findings of metastatic malignant tumor cells or of Reed-Sternberg cells and their variants in lymph nodes during laparatomy for the staging of Hodgkin's disease. In addition to their supplementary diagnostic as well as teaching value, touch preparations allow minute caryological observations in malignant lymphomas. Peculiar basic nuclear structures in both well and poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas and two different nuclear types in histiocytic lymphoma are described. The variations and frequency of several cell types (reticulum cells, lymphocytes, histiocytes, Reed-Sternberg and lacunar cells) in Hodgkin's disease are described and correlated with the histologic type.

Preferential Sites and Mode of Spread of Hodgkin's Disease and Lymphoreticular Sarcomas on the Basis of Clinical Evaluation of 500 Cases.

1967 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianni Bonadonna ◽  
Alberto Banfi ◽  
Giuseppe Carnevali ◽  
Franco Milani ◽  
Enea Salvini
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Lymph Node Involvement ◽  
Reticulum Cell ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Waldeyer’S Ring ◽  
Node Involvement ◽  
Prophylactic Irradiation

The preferential sites and mode of spread in 500 consecutive untreated patients with malignant lymphomas (200 Hodgkin's diseases, 150 lymphosarcomas and 150 reticulum cell sarcomas) have been studied. After a detailed diagnosis all patients with primary involvement of lymph nodes and spleen were staged according to the international four-stage clinical classification proposed at Rye in 1965. The lymphoreticular sarcomas with primary onset in Waldeyer's ring were staged according to the T.N.M. classification as modified in Milano by the National Cancer Institute in 1965. Patients with involvement of viscera or tissues without apparent disease in the lymph nodes, spleen or pharynx were listed separately. Primary involvement in Hodgkin's disease was confined in 99.5 % to lymph nodes and spleen. In lymphosarcoma and in reticulum cell sarcoma there was a high primary involvement of Waldeyer's ring (20 % and 53 % respectively) and in other extranodal sites (11–12%). Besides the cervical regions the distribution of lymph node involvement in Hodgkin's disease was predominantly in the mediastinum (20%) and in the paraaortic area (20%), while in lymphoreticular sarcomas mainly in the axillary (16%), iliac (23%) and inguinal (17%) regions. In the lymphoreticular sarcomas with primary onset in Waldeyer's ring the disease on first admission was limited to the pharynx and to the neek nodes in 73 % of cases. Study of the mode of spread showed that in untreated Hodgkin's disease the number of cases with contiguous involvement was 66 % while in lymphoreticular sarcomas it was only 35 %. Further, after localized radiation therapy Hodgkin's disease has a higher (72%) tendency to recur in adjacent lymphoid regions than lymphoreticular sarcomas with primary involvement in nodes and spleen (45%). The therapeutic implications of this study are discussed. The most important conclusion is that prophylactic irradiation should be given to localized Hodgkin's disease and not to lymphoreticular sarcomas with the exception of those arising in Waldeyer's ring.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Paraffin Sections of Aspirated Bone Marrow in Malignant Lymphomas

Blood ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 820-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACQUELINE D. PETTET ◽  
GERTRUDE L. PEASE ◽  
TALBERT COOPER
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Malignant Lymphoma ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Reticulum Cell ◽  
Reticulum Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Paraffin Sections ◽  
Malignant Lymphomas ◽  
Cell Sarcoma

Abstract Examination of serial paraffin sections of bone-marrow aspirations has increased the known incidence of marrow involvement in malignant lymphomas. The results of this study can be seen in the table. In the 72 cases reviewed here, lesions compatible with malignant lymphoma were seen in paraffin sections in 22 cases. In 12 cases this was the only material available for diagnosis at the time. In an additional seven cases paraffin sections were considered suggestive of malignant lymphoma and in five of these a diagnosis could be made on the basis of examination of both smear and paraffin section. This procedure is particularly helpful in Hodgkin’s disease and reticulum cell sarcoma, where marrow smears are only rarely diagnostic. In general, the patients in whom lesions were found in the bone marrow tended to have more advanced disease than those in whom lesions were not found, and abnormalities in the peripheral blood were more common. This was especially true of patients with Hodgkin’s disease, less so in those with reticulum cell sarcoma. Patients with lymphosarcoma, lymphocytic type, did not show this difference, either in the extent of the disease or in findings on examination of peripheral blood. Diagnosis was most difficult in patients who had lymphocytic lymphosarcoma, since it was occasionally difficult to distinguish between the benign aggregations of lymphocytes which are not infrequently found in a large number of unrelated conditions and those aggregations which represented malignancy. Differentiation was made on the basis of number of aggregations, degree of circumscription, presence or absence of reaction centers and the cytologic appearance of the cells. Examination of the smears of the marrow is most helpful in these cases. Seven patients in this series (9.7 per cent) had granulomatous lesions in the marrow. In five of these the final diagnosis was Hodgkin’s disease, in one reticulum cell sarcoma and in one follicular lymphoma. Although these lesions were not specific, the incidence is high enough to make the finding of a granuloma of some significance in any patient suspected of having malignant lymphoma. The importance of thorough examination of any material obtained in an apparent dry tap and the value of repeated marrow-examinations is emphasized by three cases in this series. Since in many cases diagnostic lesions are found in only one portion of the material, examination of only one section of the paraffin sections of aspirated bone marrow is not sufficient for proper evaluation. This fact is emphasized by the greater incidence of positive findings in this report than in that of Cooper and Watkins. Studies of bone marrow should be particularly helpful in instances in which the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma is suggested by clinical features but cannot be proved by biopsy of peripheral nodes or other readily accessible tissue.

Indicazioni e Risultati Preliminari Della Laparotomia Diagnostica Nei Vari Tipi di Linfoma Maligno

1971 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 425-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umberto Veronesi ◽  
Gianni Bonadonna ◽  
Renato Musumeci ◽  
Federico Pizzetti ◽  
Leandro Gennari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Reticulum Cell ◽  
Costal Margin ◽  
Reticulum Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Malignant Lymphomas ◽  
Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Mesenteric Node ◽  
Systemic Symptoms

From September 1970 to November 1971 83 unselected patients with malignant lymphomas (48 with Hodgkin's disease, 12 with lymphosarcoma and 23 with reticulum cell sarcoma) underwent diagnostic laparotomy with splenectomy and liver, retroperitoneal and mesenteric node biopsies. 19/83 cases (mostly referred from other hospitals) had received either local radiotherapy or a course of chemotherapy. In 79/83 with stages I, II and III the laparotomy was carried out to better define the extent of involvement below the diaphragm before therapy. In 4 patients with stage IV reticulum cell sarcoma (gastrointestinal involvement) laparotomy was indicated either because of bleeding (3) or because of bowel obstruction (1). Before sugery patients underwent accurate clinical, hematological, biochemical and radiological evaluation including scintiscan of liver as well as hepatic biopsy with Menghini's needle (table 1). After laparotomy patients were stages according to Rye's classification. The spleen was not removed in 3 cases because of technical difficulties. The overall incidence of splenic involvement (table 2) was found to be almost identical in Hodgkin's disease (29.5 %) and in lymphoreticular sarcomas (28.5%). The spleen was histologically positive in a high percent age of both groups of cases with disease above and below the diaphragm, as well as with lymphocyte depletion (7/14) and with systemic symptoms (78 %) in Hodgkin's disease (table 3). The mean weight of the involved spleen was 346 g (95–1050), that of the uninvolved spleen was 189 g (75–500). The overall incidence of histologic involvement of liver was (18.4%), 6.2% in Hodgkin's disease and 17.4 % in the group of lymphoreticular sarcomas (table 4). There were no patients with liver involvement without concomitant spleen involvement. When the patients with positive lymphangiograms and/or palpable spleen (1–3 cm below the costal margin) are excluded, diagnostic laparotomy detected occult intra-abdominal lesions in 13/48 (27 %) cases with Hodgkin's disease and, respectively, 5/35 (14.3 %) cases with lymphoreticular sarcomas (table 5). The overall incidence of occult lesions was 21.8%. Histology correlated with lymphography in 64/83 (77%) cases (table 6). In 3/4 patients with negative lymphography histologically abnormal nodes were found above LII. In 8/10 patients with positive lymphography and negative histology (5 sampled in lymphographically non suspicious area and 3 around the celiac axis) the post-laparotomy films confirmed the persistence of abnormal nodes. This was indirectly proved by an almost immediate progression in the para aortic lymph nodes in 1 case and by a marked regression in 7 cases after chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Since laparotomy is not infallible in removing abnormal nodes one should rely on lymphographic findings in case of discrepancy to plan the appropriate therapy. Complications secondary to laparotomy were minimal and transient. The indications and advantages of this new useful procedure in all types of malignant lymphomas are discussed (table 7).

The Spread of Malignant Lymphomas in Children

1968 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianni Bonadonna ◽  
Franca Fossati-Bellani
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Malignant Lymphomas ◽  
Waldeyer’S Ring ◽  
Work Up

The preferential sites of involvement and the mode of spread of malignant lymphomas have been evaluated in 71 consecutive untreated children up to and including the age of 15 years (33 with Hodgkin's disease, 19 with lymphosarcoma and 19 with reticulum cell sarcoma). In all cases the diagnosis was defined by pathological examination. Lower-extremity lymphography (3–5 ml of Lipiodol Fluid per foot) was carried out only in 17 patients (10 with Hodgkin's disease and 7 with lymphoreticular sarcomas) without untoward reactions or pulmonary complications. Patients were staged according to the international four stage clinical classification proposed at Rye in 1965. Hodgkin's disease was confined to lymph nodes and spleen in practically all patients (97.5%), while in comparison lymphoreticular sarcomas revealed an appreciable involvement of Waldeyer's ring (6.5%) and a considerable extension to extranodal sites (18%) with frequent invasion of adbomen and bone marrow. Mediastinal nodes were definitely more involved in Hodgkin's disease (18.5%) than in lymphoreticular sarcomas (5.5%), while the opposite occurred for extensions below the diaphragm (inguinal, retroperitoneal and mesenteric nodes). The mode of spread has been studied by counting the number of untreated patients (only with primary involvement of lymph nodes and Waldeyer's ring) with contiguous and non contiguous adenopathies, as well as the next sites of involvement after localized radiation therapy. The majority of children with Hodgkin's disease showed adenopathies distributed throughout contiguous areas (15/18 cases). This occurred also in those with lymphoreticular sarcomas (5/8 cases) although in 4/5 patients the disease had its primary onset in Waldeyer's ring where, as in adults, cervical adenopathies are often present. A total of 14 children with Hodgkin's disease developed a recurrence after different lengths of time. This occurred in 10 patients in lymph node-bearing areas clinically uninvolved at the time of initial work up, but adjacent to those treated with local radiation therapy. The lymphoreticular sarcomas, on the contrary, showed a tendency to spread earlier to viscera and bones. The analysis of our pediatric lymphomas shows that the spread of Hodgkin's disease in children is similar to that observed in adults, i.e. with an initially slow and orderly lymphatic progression in the large majority of patients. Lymphoreticular sarcomas on the contrary, with the possible exception of those arising in Waldeyer's ring, were very often a generalized process (Stage IV) at the time of presentation with frequent invasion of bone marrow and abdominal cavity. These observations could be probably explained in part by the fact that lymphoreticular sarcomas arise in the gastrointestinal tract or in lymph nodes below the diaphragm (retroperitoneal, mesenteric) in a much higher percentage than usually seen on routine work up. Therefore through the thoracic duct, and without involvement of mediastinum, malignant cells reach the blood stream earlier. The orderly lymphatic spread in most patients with Hodgkin's disease and the predominant dissemination through the blood stream in lymphoreticular sarcomas could explain the difference in prognosis. On the basis of the mode of spread prophylactic irradiation to adjacent clinically uninvolved lymphoid regions is therefore indicated in patients with Hodgkin's disease and only in lymphoreticular sarcomas with primary involvement of Waldeyer's ring.

Chemotherapy in hodgkin’s disease (lymphadenoma)

1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 57-59
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Node Biopsy ◽  
Choice Of Treatment ◽  
Choice Of Therapy

The extent of Hodgkin’s disease at the time of diagnosis is the most important single factor affecting prognosis and the choice of treatment.1 2 Thorough investigation is needed to determine the stage of the disease,3 and it is best to refer patients to a centre with special experience of the condition. The staging process requires haematological, biochemical and radiographic studies, including abdominal lymphography.4 Some patients may also need laparotomy with splenectomy and hepatic and node biopsy to localise any intra-abdominal spread, particularly into the liver which is ominous and an important determinant in the choice of therapy.5 6 Laparotomy is less usually performed in patients over 60. In children under 6 splenectomy should not be carried out because it makes them more susceptible to infection.7 In young women the ovaries may be sewn to the abdominal wall in the mid-line so that they can be shielded from x-rays directed at iliac lymph nodes.

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