Macrophages in Skin Cancer: Quantitative and Functional Studies

1979 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Dammacco ◽  
Antonio Miglietta ◽  
Mario Lospalluti ◽  
Carlo Meneghini ◽  
Lorenzo Bonomo
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Macrophage Chemotaxis ◽  
Primary Neoplasm ◽  
The Difference

The number of tumor-infiltrating macrophages was estimated in 43 patients with skin cancer, including 18 cases of squamous cell and 25 cases of basal cell carcinoma. Macrophages were identified in cell cultures by 2 assays, namely phagocytosis and resistance to detachment by trypsin. The average percentage of adherent cells for the 2 groups of skin tumors was 4.5 ± 2.6 and 10.2 ± 5.2, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant. Follow-up studies after surgical excision of the primary neoplasm showed a relatively low macrophage content in 2 of the 4 cases in which local recurrences occurred. Preliminary functional studies suggested that soluble factors may be released by neoplastic cells, accounting for the inhibitory effect of tumor cell supernatants on macrophage Chemotaxis in vitro.

scholarly journals Changes in the Density and Composition of Rhizosphere Pathogenic Fusarium and Beneficial Trichoderma Contributing to Reduced Root Rot of Intercropped Soybean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Chang ◽  
Huiting Xu ◽  
Li Yan ◽  
Dan Zhu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbial Community

Abstract BackgroundThe dynamic of soil-borne disease is closely related to the rhizosphere microbial communities. Maize-soybean intercropping can suppress soybean root rot as compared to monoculture. However, it is still unknown whether rhizosphere microbial community participates in the regulation of intercropped soybean root rot.MethodsIn this study, the difference of rhizosphere Fusarium and Trichoderma community was compared between healthy or root-rotted soybean rhizosphere soil from soybean monoculture and maize-soybean intercropping, and the inhibitory effect of potential biocontrol Trichoderma against pathogenic Fusarium were examined.ResultsThe abundance of rhizosphere Fusarium was remarkably different between intercropping and monoculture, while Trichoderma was largely accumulated in healthy rhizosphere soil of intercropping rather than monoculture. Four rhizosphere Fusarium species identified were all pathogenic to soybean but displayed distinct composition and isolation proportion in the corresponding soil types. As the dominant and most aggressive species, F. oxysporum was more frequently isolated in diseased soil of monoculture. Furthermore, of three Trichoderma species identified, T. harzianum dramatically increased in the rhizosphere of intercropping rather than monoculture as compared to T. virens and T. afroharzianum. For in-vitro antagonism test, Trichoderma strains had antagonistic effects on F. oxysporum with the percentage of mycelial inhibition ranging of 50.59%-92.94%, and they displayed good mycoparasitic abilities against F. oxysporum through coiling around and entering into the hyphae, expanding along cell-cell lumen and even dissolving cell walls of target fungus.ConclusionThese results indicate maize-soybean intercropping significantly increase the density and composition proportion of beneficial Trichoderma to antagonist the pathogenic Fusarium species, thus contributing to the suppression of soybean root rot under intercropping.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of TBR-652, a Novel CCR5 Antagonist, in HIV-1-Infected, Antiretroviral Treatment-Experienced, CCR5 Antagonist-Naïve Patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 2768-2774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Francois Marier ◽  
MyMy Trinh ◽  
Leng Hong Pheng ◽  
Sandra M. Palleja ◽  
David E. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Ccr5 Antagonist ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTTBR-652 is a novel CCR5 antagonist with potentin vitroanti-HIV activity. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of TBR-652 in HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral treatment-experienced, CCR5 antagonist-naïve patients. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, dose-escalating study of TBR-652 monotherapy given once daily orally for 10 days was performed, followed by a 40-day follow-up period. Approximately 10 patients/dose level received 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mg TBR-652 or placebo (4:1). Blood was collected at different intervals for PK and HIV-1 RNA assessments. PK analysis of TBR-652 was performed using noncompartmental methods. PK/PD was modeled using a maximum inhibitory effect model (Emax) and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50). TBR-652 was well absorbed in the systemic circulation. TBR-652 concentration levels declined slowly, with mean elimination half-lives ranging from 22.5 to 47.62 h across dose levels. TBR-652 treatment resulted in potent, dose-dependent decreases in viral load, with statistically significant decreases in nadir HIV-1 RNA compared to baseline for all dose levels. Suppression of HIV-1 RNA persisted over the 40-day follow-up period. A steep exposure-effect relationship was observed, with anEmaxof −1.43 log10copies/ml and IC50of 13.1 ng/ml. TBR-652 was generally safe and well tolerated at all dose levels studied. Short-term monotherapy treatments of TBR-652 in HIV-1-infected patients resulted in promising PK and PD results, with a clear exposure-response relationship at the current dose levels studied. Data from this study support further development of TBR-652 in HIV-infected patients.

SLC26A9 is expressed in gastric surface epithelial cells, mediates Cl−/HCO3− exchange, and is inhibited by NH4+

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (2) ◽  
pp. C493-C505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Xu ◽  
Johanna Henriksnäs ◽  
Sharon Barone ◽  
David Witte ◽  
Gary E. Shull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Northern Hybridization ◽  
Rat Stomach ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Immunofluorescence Labeling

HCO3− secretion by gastric mucous cells is essential for protection against acidic injury and peptic ulcer. Herein we report the identification of an apical HCO3− transporter in gastric surface epithelial cells. Northern hybridization and RT-PCR demonstrate the expression of this transporter, also known as SLC26A9, in mouse and rat stomach and trachea (but not kidney). In situ hybridization in mouse stomach showed abundant expression of SLC26A9 in surface epithelial cells with apical localization on immunofluorescence labeling. Functional studies in HEK-293 cells demonstrated that SLC26A9 mediates Cl−/HCO3− exchange and is also capable of Cl−-independent HCO3− extrusion. Unlike other anion exchangers or transport proteins reported to date, SLC26A9 activity is inhibited by ammonium (NH4+). The inhibitory effect of NH4+ on gastric HCO3− secretion was also indicated by reduced gastric juxtamucosal pH (pHjm) in rat stomach in vivo. This report is the first to describe the inhibition of HCO3− transport in vitro and the reduction of pHjm in stomach in vivo by NH4+. Given its critical localization on the apical membrane of surface epithelial cells, its ability to transport HCO3−, and its inhibition by NH4+, we propose that SLC26A9 mediates HCO3− secretion in surface epithelial cells and is essential for protection against acidic injury in the stomach. Disease states that are associated with increased ammonia (NH3)/NH4+ generation (e.g., Helicobacter pylori) may impair gastric HCO3− secretion and therefore predispose patients to peptic ulcer by inhibiting SLC26A9.

Modulation of submucosal cholinergic neurons by 5-hydroxytryptamine and neuropeptides

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (6) ◽  
pp. G1019-G1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Yau ◽  
J. A. Dorsett ◽  
M. L. Youther
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Ach Release ◽  
Excitatory Effect ◽  
Submucous Plexus ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Functional Studies

Release of [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) was examined in a submucous plexus preparation obtained from the guinea pig small intestine in vitro. Constant-current field stimulation evoked ACh output; this output was dependent on the stimulus frequency applied. Maximal release was observed at 10 Hz; this release was blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 x 10(-6) M) or in Ca2(+)-free buffer. Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] stimulated the release of ACh dose dependently, with an ED50 of 5 x 10(-7) M. Substance P was ineffective, while vasoactive intestinal peptide weakly stimulated ACh secretion. Several neuropeptides were tested on their ability to modulate 5-HT-evoked ACh release. Dynorphin A inhibited 5-HT-stimulated ACh release, while Met-enkephalin was without any effect. Both somatostatin and galanin were effective modulators, with an inhibitory effect in the submicromolar range and an excitatory effect at higher concentrations. The response characteristics of the cholinergic neurons of submucosal plexus differ markedly from those of the myenteric plexus. These distinct features form an important framework for future functional studies on submucous plexus neurons.

scholarly journals Antibodies that protect humans against Plasmodium falciparum blood stages do not on their own inhibit parasite growth and invasion in vitro, but act in cooperation with monocytes.

1990 ◽  
Vol 172 (6) ◽  
pp. 1633-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bouharoun-Tayoun ◽  
P Attanath ◽  
A Sabchareon ◽  
T Chongsuphajaisiddhi ◽  
P Druilhe
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Parasite Growth ◽  
Normal Blood ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
The Difference

IgG extracted from the sera of African adults immune to malaria were injected intravenously into eight Plasmodium falciparum-infected nonimmune Thai patients. Clinical and parasitological improvement was reproducibly obtained in each case. After the disappearance of the transferred Ig, recrudescent parasites were equally susceptible to the same Ig preparation. High levels of antibodies to most parasite proteins were detected by Western blots in the receivers' sera (taken before transfer) as in the donors' Ig, thus indicating that the difference was qualitative rather than quantitative between donors and receivers. In vitro, the clinically effective Ig had no detectable inhibitory effect on either penetration or intra-erythrocytic development of the parasite. On the contrary, they sometimes increased parasite growth. In contrast, these IgG, as the receivers' Ig collected 4 d after transfer, but not those collected before transfer, proved able to exert an antibody-dependent cellular inhibitory (ADCI) effect in cooperation with normal blood monocytes. Results were consistent among the seven isolates studied in vitro, as with the recrudescent parasites. Thus, the results obtained in the ADCI assay correlate closely with clinical and parasitological observations.

Effects of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics on feeding and pharyngeal pumping in Trichostrongylus colubriformis in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. SHERIFF ◽  
A. C. KOTZE ◽  
N. C. SANGSTER ◽  
R. J. MARTIN
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Macrocyclic Lactone ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Drug Uptake ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Pump Frequency ◽  
Pharyngeal Pumping ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relative Potencies

The effects of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics (MLs) on feeding by Trichostrongylus colubriformis nematodes in vitro were examined using inulin uptake as a measure of ingestion and electropharyngeograms as a record of the electrical events associated with pharyngeal pumping. Inulin uptake was inhibited by the 4 MLs tested (EC50s 0.045–4.57 nM), with an order of potency of eprinomectin (most potent), ivermectin, ivermectin monosaccharide, and ivermectin aglycone. The MLs caused both the frequency and amplitude of pharyngeal electrical events to decrease. In individual worms the inhibition of pump frequency preceded the inhibition of pump amplitude. The order of potency of the MLs as inhibitors of frequency was ivermectin aglycone, ivermectin, ivermectin monosaccharide and eprinomectin. The difference compared with the inulin assay results are probably due to the dynamics of drug uptake in the two systems. It was possible that the nematodes in the electrophysiology experiments were effectively orally ligated by enclosure of the worm's head in the recording pipette which contained no drug. Despite this difference in relative potencies, both the ingestion assays and the electrical events indicate that MLs are potent inhibitors of the pharynx in T. colubriformis in vitro. The sequence of effects on pharyngeal electrical activity suggests that ML action involves an initial inhibitory effect on the rate of pharyngeal contractions, followed by a decrease in the amplitude of the potentials associated with pharyngeal pumping events.

scholarly journals Ionocytes and CFTR Chloride Channel Expression in Normal and Cystic Fibrosis Nasal and Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2090
Author(s):  
Paolo Scudieri ◽  
Ilaria Musante ◽  
Arianna Venturini ◽  
Daniela Guidone ◽  
Michele Genovese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Chloride Channel ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Chloride Secretion ◽  
Bronchial Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bronchial Epithelial ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
The Difference

The airway epithelium contains ionocytes, a rare cell type with high expression of Forkhead Box I1 (FOXI1) transcription factor and Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel that is defective in cystic fibrosis (CF). Our aim was to verify if ionocyte development is altered in CF and to investigate the relationship between ionocytes and CFTR-dependent chloride secretion. We collected nasal cells by brushing to determine ionocyte abundance. Nasal and bronchial cells were also expanded in vitro and reprogrammed to differentiated epithelia for morphological and functional studies. We found a relatively high (~3%) ionocyte abundance in ex vivo nasal samples, with no difference between CF and control individuals. In bronchi, ionocytes instead appeared very rarely as previously reported, thus suggesting a possible proximal–distal gradient in human airways. The difference between nasal and bronchial epithelial cells was maintained in culture, which suggests an epigenetic control of ionocyte development. In the differentiation phase of the culture procedure, we used two media that resulted in a different pattern of CFTR expression: confined to ionocytes or more broadly expressed. CFTR function was similar in both conditions, thus indicating that chloride secretion equally occurs irrespective of CFTR expression pattern.

Inhibitory Effect of Polyionic Compounds on the Adsorption of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (KOS)

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y-W Yang ◽  
J-C Yang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

The polyionic compounds, including dextran sulphates and poly-L-lysines, were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on the cytopathic effect of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, KOS) in vitro. The anti-HSV activities of poly-L-lysines were found to increase with increasing molecular weight of the polymers. Both dextran sulphates and poly-L-lysines were found to block adsorption of HSV-1 to Vero cells. The inhibitory effect of adsorption of [3H] labelled virus was related to the molecular weight of the polymers. Polymers of higher molecular weight were found to be more effective than the lower molecular weight samples in inhibiting virus adsorption. The results from the microelectrophoresis measurements demonstrated that poly-L-lysines adsorb and confer positive charges on the Vero cells. Dextran sulphates, on the other hand, may adsorb onto the HSV-1 membrane surfaces instead of binding onto the cell membranes and interfere with adsorption of virions to the cells. The inhibitory effects of these polymers on viral cytopathogenic effect were probably attributable to the electrostatic and steric hindrance effects exerted by the polymers as reflected in the difference in zeta potential of cellular membrane treated with these compounds.

scholarly journals Genetic Variability of Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (hACE2) Among Various Ethnic Populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Li ◽  
Zanxia Cao ◽  
Proton Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Missense Mutations ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Binding Characteristics ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Ethnic Populations ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThere appears to be large regional variations for susceptibility, severity and mortality for Covid-19 infections. We set out to examine genetic differences in the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) gene, as its receptor serves as a cellular entry for SARS- CoV-2. By comparing 56,885 Non-Finnish European and 9,197 East Asians (including 1,909 Koreans) four missense mutations were noted in the hACE2 gene. Molecular dynamic demonstrated that two of these variants (K26R and I468V) may affect binding characteristics between S protein of the virus and hACE2 receptor. We also examined hACE2 gene expression in eight global populations from the HapMap3 and noted marginal differences in expression for some populations as compared to the Chinese population. However, for both of our studies, the magnitude of the difference was small and the significance is not clear in the absence of further in vitro and functional studies.

scholarly journals Seizure Outcome in Adult Patients with Supratentorial Cavernomas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahsan Kemerdere ◽  
Orkhan Alizada ◽  
Tugce Ayman ◽  
Oguz Baran ◽  
Seher Naz Yeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Seizure Outcome ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Postoperative Seizure ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Cavernomas are usually found in the supratentorial area, and epileptic seizures are one of the presenting symptoms. Objective This study aims to provide the seizure outcome in adult patients who underwent surgical excision of single supratentorial cavernomas. Materials and Methods A total of 23 patients with single supratentorial cavernomas were operated between May 2011 and January 2019. Pre- and postoperative seizure semiology, clinical, and radiological findings were collected from medical records. At the last follow-up, each patient was seen during regular visits and clinical variables were noted. Results The mean age was 37.08 ± 10.5 years, and 11 (57.8%) and 12 (52.2%) were females and males, respectively. Headache (43.5%) and seizure (43.5%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Cavernomas were located on the right side in 13 and on the left side in 10 patients. The most common locations were the frontal (43.5%) and temporal (43.5%) lobes. The mean follow-up in this series was 41.4 ± 30.8 months. Our results showed that surgery was effective in seizure outcome, as almost 70% of patients who had seizure before surgery was seizure free after surgery, and the difference between those who had seizure pre- and postoperative periods was statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusion Surgery is safe and effective for supratentorial cavernomas. The excision of cavernoma together with the surrounding hemosiderin should be performed to obtain a satisfactory seizure outcome.

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