scholarly journals Prisoners’ Personal Networks in the Months Preceding Prison: A Descriptive Portrayal

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Bellair ◽  
Ryan Light ◽  
James Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
Risk Period ◽  
Criminal Opportunity ◽  
Evidence Based Programs

This study examined personal networks of adult male prisoners ( N = 250) during a high-risk period prior to their incarceration. We present a descriptive portrait of network size, density, and relational type, and we then document the nature of ties within that network, focusing specifically on alters’ criminal involvement, criminal opportunity, and reinforcement of criminal behavior. We found that prisoners’ networks were large and dense, and that they were composed primarily of family and romantic partners. Most prisoners are not embedded in a personal network saturated with criminal influence before coming to prison. Yet, a small proportion are exposed to exceptionally negative influence, which, it is argued, may increase the risk of negative outcomes upon release if not addressed by evidence-based programs.

scholarly journals AGE DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE PERSONAL NETWORKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S177-S177
Author(s):  
Christopher S Marcum ◽  
Jielu Lin ◽  
Laura M Koehly
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Network Composition ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract Previous research has found a negative association between network size and age, suggesting that people experience greater isolation with advancing age. In this paper, we evaluate age differences in how individuals perceive their social worlds to be structured, rather than focusing solely on network size. A nationally represented sample of respondents (n=1,824) reported on their own ties to their close personal network members (i.e., ego-alter ties) as well as their perceptions of acquaintanceship between those members (i.e., alter-alter ties). We used social network analysis to assess how the structure of these relationships vary by respondent age. We find a positive association between respondent age and personal network size and a negative association between network members’ ages and the number of ties respondents’ perceive their members to have to each other. This effect significantly weakens as respondent age increases. Moreover, we find evidence of age-homophily, intergenerational contact spanning three generations in both ego-alter and alter-alter ties, and age differences in ego network composition. Our results suggest that the evolution of our social worlds across the life course shifts in terms of size and structure. While contemporary close personal networks may grow slightly with age, perceived social ties among one’s network members become less cohesive and less diverse with age. We discuss these results in the context of recent findings that suggest aging uniformly insulates individuals from social contact from both structural and symbolic perspectives.

scholarly journals Age Differences in Cognitive Personal Networks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Steven Marcum ◽  
Jielu Lin ◽  
Laura Koehly
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
The Life Course

Background and ObjectivesPrevious research has found a negative association between network size and age, suggesting that people experience greater isolation from their personal networks with advancing age. In this paper, we evaluate age differences in how individuals perceive their social worlds to be structured, rather than focusing solely on network size.Research Design & MethodsA nationally represented sample of respondents (n=1,824) reported on their own ties to their close personal network members (i.e., ego-alter ties) as well as their perceptions of the acquaintanceship between those members (i.e., alter-alter ties). We used social network analysis to assess how the structure of these relationships vary by respondent age.ResultsThere is a strong pattern of age-homophily with some inter-generational contact for both ego-to-alter and alter-to-alter ties. Egos perceive less age-heterophily among their alters than they perceive in their own ties. Net of the results for age-mixing, we find a positive association between ego age and personal network size and a negative association between average alter age and personal network size. Finally, we find that as alters’ ages increase, their expected degrees as perceived by ego decreases regardless of ego’s own age. Discussion & ImplicationOur results suggest that our social worlds shift in terms of size and structure across the life course. While contemporary close personal networks may grow slightly with age, our perceptions of older people having fewer network ties remains. We discuss these results in the context of recent findings that suggest aging uniformly insulates individuals from social contact from both structural and symbolic perspectives. Specifically, the findings here challenge the notion that network size declines with age suggesting that this result may be the product of perceptions and not reality.

scholarly journals Risk ― A Basic Concept of Epidemiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Evgeny D. Savilov ◽  
Svetlana N. Shugaeva ◽  
Nikolaj I. Briko ◽  
Sergey I. Kolesnikov
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Factor Group ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Evaluation Measures ◽  
Risk Period ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Epidemiologic Risk

This article presents the analysis of current scientific understanding of the term «risk» along with theoretical justification of its use in epidemiological studies. Epidemiology commonly uses definitions such as «risk factor», «group of risk», «risk area», and «risk period». However, these definitions were useful only for specific groups or nosoligical infectious diseases. In Noninfectious Pathology the terms had been used exclusively in the applied studies. There is a lack of publications which compile theoretical basics of such fundamental term category. The authors suggest a definition of epidemiologic «risk» which can be used in the epidemiology of both infectious and noninfectious diseases. It is a probability of negative influence on illness (and/or its impact) of specific groups of general population which is defined by external and/or internal factors in specific times and territories. The authors differentiate types of risk and their evaluation measures into categories for used in applied studies of epidemiology. The relationships and the unity of the basic categories of the epidemiologic risk are discussed. The authors conclude that riskology is the main branch of epidemiology and the category of «risk» is the basic paradigm of this science.

Measuring Personal Network Size in RDS

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa G. Johnston ◽  
Leila Rodriguez ◽  
Joanna Napierala
Keyword(s):  
Network Size ◽  
Personal Network

Personal networks and psychological attributes: Exploring individual differences in personality and sense of community and their relationship to the structure of personal networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isidro Maya-Jariego ◽  
Srebrenka Letina ◽  
Elena González Tinoco
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Ego Networks ◽  
Network Measures ◽  
Psychological Attributes ◽  
Psychological Differences ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe paper explores the relationship between personality characteristics, sense of community and the structure of personal networks. We collected personal network data from 100 adults, consisting of the information about their 45 alters and ties among them. In addition to the typically used bivariate correlations to analyze the relationship between individual psychological differences and network structure, we propose first the use of typologies of networks and personality and second modified versions of the triadic census in ego-networks. The results show that different personality types tend to occupy a different kind of networks and that newly introduced triadic measures show a relatively higher association with examined psychological attributes than global network measures. Overall, the Psychological Sense of Community showed higher associations with network measures than Big Five personality traits. The former was positively correlated with measures of closed triads among alters, but also with alters embedded in triads with weak ties. Regarding personality traits, Emotional Stability was positively correlated with strong closed triads and with the overall indicator of density. The elaboration of typologies and the census of triads are shown to be effective strategies for the description of personal networks, as well as for the analysis of individual psychological differences.

scholarly journals Head-to-Head Comparison of Social Network Assessments in Stroke Survivors

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Morgan Prust ◽  
Abby Halm ◽  
Simona Nedelcu ◽  
Amber Nieves ◽  
Amar Dhand
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Mapping Tool ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
Network Mapping

Background and Purpose: Social networks influence human health and disease through direct biological and indirect psychosocial mechanisms. They have particular importance in neurologic disease because of support, information, and healthy behavior adoption that circulate in networks. Investigations into social networks as determinants of disease risk and health outcomes have historically relied on summary indices of social support, such as the Lubben Social Network Scale–Revised (LSNS-R) or the Stroke Social Network Scale (SSNS). We compared these 2 survey tools to personal network (PERSNET) mapping tool, a novel social network survey that facilitates detailed mapping of social network structure, extraction of quantitative network structural parameters, and characterization of the demographic and health parameters of each network member. Methods: In a cohort of inpatient and outpatient stroke survivors, we administered LSNS-R, SSNS, and PERSNET in a randomized order to each patient. We used logistic regression to generate correlation matrices between LSNS-R scores, SSNS scores, and PERSNET’s network structure (eg, size and density) and composition metrics (eg, percent kin in network). We also examined the relationship between LSNS-R-derived risk of social isolation with PERSNET-derived network size. Results: We analyzed survey responses for 67 participants and found a significant correlation between LSNS-R, SSNS, and PERSNET-derived indices of network structure. We found no correlation between LSNS-R, SSNS, and PERSNET-derived metrics of network composition. Personal network mapping tool structural and compositional variables were also internally correlated. Social isolation defined by LSNS-R corresponded to a network size of <5. Conclusions: Personal network mapping tool is a valid index of social network structure, with a significant correlation to validated indices of perceived social support. Personal network mapping tool also captures a novel range of health behavioral data that have not been well characterized by previous network surveys. Therefore, PERSNET offers a comprehensive social network assessment with visualization capabilities that quantifies the social environment in a valid and unique manner.

The Intersection of Drug Use and Criminal Behavior: Results from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana Harrison ◽  
Joseph Gfroerer
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
Strong Correlate ◽  
National Household Survey ◽  
The Relationship

In 1991, questions on involvement in criminal behavior and being arrested and booked for a crime were added to the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) to ascertain the relationship between drug use and criminal behavior. Analysis shows that drug use is a strong correlate of being booked for a criminal offense, but age is the more important correlate of criminal involvement. There were few differences in models predicting violent as opposed to property crime, although minority status was a more important predictor of violent crime, and poverty was a more important predictor of property crime. Cocaine use was the most important covariate of being booked for a crime in large metropolitan areas that were oversampled in the 1991 NHSDA.

Vocational education teachers’ personal network at school as a resource for innovative work behaviour

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Messmann ◽  
Regina H. Mulder ◽  
Tuire Palonen
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Education ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Boundary Crossing ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Innovative Work ◽  
Innovative Work Behaviour

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the role of characteristics of vocational education teachers’ personal network at the workplace for determining the resources that enable them to cope with innovation-related demands at work. Design/methodology/approach A survey study with 48 vocational education teachers is carried out. Social network analysis, correlation analysis, and a comparative descriptive analysis of cluster profiles of teachers’ personal network at the workplace are carried out. Findings This study provides evidence for the role of network size as a facilitator of innovative work behaviour (IWB) outside the classroom. However, smaller networks can also support the development of innovations if they contain dense interactions with experienced, innovative professionals. Research limitations/implications This study implies to further investigate the role of network size in relation to the kind of network interactions (e.g. density of interactions and experience of members) in the context of larger and versatile work contexts. Practical implications This study implies that organisations should provide structures, tasks and events (e.g. interdisciplinary work teams and boundary crossing events) that enable employees to build network connections that help them to manage work-related demands. Employees themselves should reflect on their personal interaction preferences, their specific needs for support and the availability of co-workers who can provide this support. Originality/value This study contributes to the discourse on the relationship between professional networks and the development of innovations. Especially, the social work context and its role for IWB have hardly been investigated from a network perspective.

General Criminality as a Marker of Heterogeneity in Domestically Violent Men: Differences in Trauma History, Psychopathology, Neurocognitive Functioning, and Psychophysiology

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051985806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Lishak ◽  
Katreena L. Scott ◽  
Amanda Dyson ◽  
Alexander Milovanov
Keyword(s):  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
Internalizing Psychopathology ◽  
Violent Criminal ◽  
Domestically Violent ◽  
History Of ◽  
Violent Men ◽  
Childhood Violence

This study examined whether involvement in general criminal behavior was a useful marker of critical historic, psychological, and cognitive aspects of heterogeneity in domestically violent men. Two subgroups of domestically violent men, those with ( n = 56) and without ( n = 54) a history of criminal involvement, were compared with a group of nonviolent men ( n = 82) on internalizing psychopathology, substance abuse, maltreatment in the family of origin, cognitive and executive functioning, and psychophysiological factors. Results found that domestically violent criminal men scored higher than the other two groups on a number of measures including history of childhood violence exposure, childhood externalizing behavior, and adult internalizing psychopathology. No differences were found on their psychophysiological reactivity and cognitive performance. The domestically violent noncriminal group and the comparison group were largely similar on study variables with the exception of education and substance use. Results suggest that general theories of antisocial behavior may be relevant and helpful for understanding domestically violent and criminally involved batterers, whereas social and family violence theories may be of greater relevance to noncriminally involved batterers. Implications of these results for intervention are considered.

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