scholarly journals AGE DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE PERSONAL NETWORKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S177-S177
Author(s):  
Christopher S Marcum ◽  
Jielu Lin ◽  
Laura M Koehly
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Network Composition ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract Previous research has found a negative association between network size and age, suggesting that people experience greater isolation with advancing age. In this paper, we evaluate age differences in how individuals perceive their social worlds to be structured, rather than focusing solely on network size. A nationally represented sample of respondents (n=1,824) reported on their own ties to their close personal network members (i.e., ego-alter ties) as well as their perceptions of acquaintanceship between those members (i.e., alter-alter ties). We used social network analysis to assess how the structure of these relationships vary by respondent age. We find a positive association between respondent age and personal network size and a negative association between network members’ ages and the number of ties respondents’ perceive their members to have to each other. This effect significantly weakens as respondent age increases. Moreover, we find evidence of age-homophily, intergenerational contact spanning three generations in both ego-alter and alter-alter ties, and age differences in ego network composition. Our results suggest that the evolution of our social worlds across the life course shifts in terms of size and structure. While contemporary close personal networks may grow slightly with age, perceived social ties among one’s network members become less cohesive and less diverse with age. We discuss these results in the context of recent findings that suggest aging uniformly insulates individuals from social contact from both structural and symbolic perspectives.

scholarly journals Age Differences in Cognitive Personal Networks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Steven Marcum ◽  
Jielu Lin ◽  
Laura Koehly
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
The Life Course

Background and ObjectivesPrevious research has found a negative association between network size and age, suggesting that people experience greater isolation from their personal networks with advancing age. In this paper, we evaluate age differences in how individuals perceive their social worlds to be structured, rather than focusing solely on network size.Research Design & MethodsA nationally represented sample of respondents (n=1,824) reported on their own ties to their close personal network members (i.e., ego-alter ties) as well as their perceptions of the acquaintanceship between those members (i.e., alter-alter ties). We used social network analysis to assess how the structure of these relationships vary by respondent age.ResultsThere is a strong pattern of age-homophily with some inter-generational contact for both ego-to-alter and alter-to-alter ties. Egos perceive less age-heterophily among their alters than they perceive in their own ties. Net of the results for age-mixing, we find a positive association between ego age and personal network size and a negative association between average alter age and personal network size. Finally, we find that as alters’ ages increase, their expected degrees as perceived by ego decreases regardless of ego’s own age. Discussion & ImplicationOur results suggest that our social worlds shift in terms of size and structure across the life course. While contemporary close personal networks may grow slightly with age, our perceptions of older people having fewer network ties remains. We discuss these results in the context of recent findings that suggest aging uniformly insulates individuals from social contact from both structural and symbolic perspectives. Specifically, the findings here challenge the notion that network size declines with age suggesting that this result may be the product of perceptions and not reality.

scholarly journals Upward Mobility in Education: The Role of Personal Networks Across the Life Course

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Nicolas M. Legewie
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Selection Scheme ◽  
Educational Trajectories ◽  
Mobile Students ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Life Course

How do individuals achieve upward mobility in education despite the well‐documented mechanisms that foster reproduction of inequalities? This question presents a fundamental puzzle for social science researchers and has generated an increasing body of research. The present article tackles the puzzle using a life course and personal network lens. Studying educational trajectories in Germany of students whose parents have low educational degrees, it asks: What paths did students take through the education system, what personal network factors were important for their educational attainment, and how did these factors change over students’ life courses? In contrast to most studies that zoom in on a specific transition or time period, the article uses data from 36 retrospective in‐depth interviews that allow a sweeping view of respondents’ educational careers. Thanks to a systematic case selection scheme, the data also enables comparisons between students who became upwardly mobile and those who replicated their parents’ low educational degrees. Findings suggest four types of trajectories: direct upward mobility, indirect upward mobility, direct non‐mobility, and indirect non‐mobility. I discuss four personal network factors that seem to drive these trajectories: support with academic efforts, encouragement, support with solving problems, and role models. Upwardly mobile students showed combinations of two or more of these four factors that established higher education as the students’ goal, and provided them with tools and support to reach that goal. With these findings, the article contributes to literature on inclusion in education, social inequality and mobility, personal networks, and the life course.

Tangled Roots: Personal Networks and the Participation of Individuals in an Anti-environmentalism Countermovement

2020 ◽  
pp. 073112142090888
Author(s):  
David B. Tindall ◽  
Adam C. Howe ◽  
Céline Mauboulès
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
General Public ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Environmental Movement ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Social Network Ties

We focus on the personal networks of members of an anti-environmentalism countermovement in a small town in Canada (Port Alberni, B.C.) that mobilized against the environmental movement. Drawing primarily from social survey data, we investigate the effects of network-based mobilization processes, and contending-movement ties (ties to the environmental movement), on level of participation in the countermovement. We add to the literature on networks and social movements, and movement-countermovement dynamics by 1) comparing network processes amongst a counter movement with those amongst a corresponding social movement, and 2) comparing personal network structures and mobilization processes between countermovement members and the general public. We find a similar pattern of network-based micromobilization processes amongst movement and countermovement participant networks. We find both similarities, and key differences between the counter movement and the general public in terms of activism and social network ties. Theoretical predictions have suggested that individuals who have ties to opposing groups will moderate their participation in a social movement. However, in this study of a community countermovement organization in a small town in Canada that mobilized against the provincial environmental movement we find that the number of contending movement ties (the range of ties to environmental organizations) held by individuals in the countermovement has a significant positive association with countermovement activism, and is the strongest statistical predictor of countermovement activism. Drawing upon both theory and substantive information we discuss the implications of this novel finding.

scholarly journals Effects of limitation of number of alters and time frame in the Burt name generator

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Kogovšek ◽  
Valentina Hlebec
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Question Wording ◽  
Statistical Estimates ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Network Composition

Social networks can be operationalized as potential and actual sources of social support. Comparing cross-sectional data sets from various points in time allows us to compare overall characteristics of social support networks and their changes over time in the population. However, the measurement instruments should be identical or at least very similar. The Burt name generator (1984) for assessing discussion networks of Slovenians was applied in the 1987 and 2002 surveys. Data were collected on representative samples of adult residents of Slovenia. Owing to the complexity of the personal network questionnaire, the number of alters was limited to 5 in the 1987 survey, whereas there was no upper limit in the 2002 survey. There was also a difference in question wording. In the paper these two surveys are compared with regard to network composition and structure. Special attention is given to the effects of limiting the number of alters, question wording and network size on statistical estimates of network composition and structure.

scholarly journals Prisoners’ Personal Networks in the Months Preceding Prison: A Descriptive Portrayal

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Bellair ◽  
Ryan Light ◽  
James Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
Risk Period ◽  
Criminal Opportunity ◽  
Evidence Based Programs

This study examined personal networks of adult male prisoners ( N = 250) during a high-risk period prior to their incarceration. We present a descriptive portrait of network size, density, and relational type, and we then document the nature of ties within that network, focusing specifically on alters’ criminal involvement, criminal opportunity, and reinforcement of criminal behavior. We found that prisoners’ networks were large and dense, and that they were composed primarily of family and romantic partners. Most prisoners are not embedded in a personal network saturated with criminal influence before coming to prison. Yet, a small proportion are exposed to exceptionally negative influence, which, it is argued, may increase the risk of negative outcomes upon release if not addressed by evidence-based programs.

Perceived Overprotection and Its Association With Quality of Life in Dementia

GeroPsych ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Mechthild Niemann-Mirmehdi ◽  
Andreas Häusler ◽  
Paul Gellert ◽  
Johanna Nordheim
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Mental Well Being

Abstract. To date, few studies have focused on perceived overprotection from the perspective of people with dementia (PwD). In the present examination, the association of perceived overprotection in PwD is examined as an autonomy-restricting factor and thus negative for their mental well-being. Cross-sectional data from the prospective DYADEM study of 82 patient/partner dyads (mean age = 74.26) were used to investigate the association between overprotection, perceived stress, depression, and quality of life (QoL). The analyses show that an overprotective contact style with PwD has a significant positive association with stress and depression, and has a negative association with QoL. The results emphasize the importance of avoiding an overprotective care style and supporting patient autonomy.

Domestic Integration and Suicide in the Provinces of Canada

Crisis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoon A. Leenaars ◽  
David Lester
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Over Time

Canada's rate of suicide varies from province to province. The classical theory of suicide, which attempts to explain the social suicide rate, stems from Durkheim, who argued that low levels of social integration and regulation are associated with high rates of suicide. The present study explored whether social factors (divorce, marriage, and birth rates) do in fact predict suicide rates over time for each province (period studied: 1950-1990). The results showed a positive association between divorce rates and suicide rates, and a negative association between birth rates and suicide rates. Marriage rates showed no consistent association, an anomaly as compared to research from other nations.

scholarly journals Can Anhedonia Be Considered a Suicide Risk Factor? A Review of the Literature

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonanni ◽  
Gualtieri ◽  
Lester ◽  
Falcone ◽  
Nardella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum

Background and Objectives: At present, data collected from the literature about suicide and anhedonia are controversial. Some studies have shown that low levels of anhedonia are associated with serious suicide attempts and death by suicide, while other studies have shown that high levels of anhedonia are associated with suicide. Materials and Methods: For this review, we searched PubMed, Medline, and ScienceDirect for clinical studies published from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2018 with the following search terms used in the title or in the abstract: “anhedonia AND suicid*.” We obtained a total of 155 articles; 133 items were excluded using specific exclusion criteria, the remaining 22 articles included were divided into six groups based on the psychiatric diagnosis: mood disorders, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), other diagnoses, attempted suicides, and others (healthy subjects). Results: The results of this review reveal inconsistencies. Some studies reported that high anhedonia scores were associated with suicidal behavior (regardless of the diagnosis), while other studies found that low anhedonia scores were associated with suicidal behavior, and a few studies reported no association. The most consistent association between anhedonia and suicidal behavior was found for affective disorders (7 of 7 studies reported a significant positive association) and for PTSD (3 of 3 studies reported a positive association). In the two studies of patients with schizophrenia, one found no association, and one found a negative association. For patients who attempted suicide (undiagnosed), one study found a positive association, one a positive association only for depressed attempters, and one a negative association. Conclusions: We found the most consistent positive association for patients with affective disorders and PTSD, indicating that the assessment of anhedonia may be useful in the evaluation of suicidal risk.

scholarly journals Maternal Sociodemographic Factors and Antenatal Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6812
Author(s):  
Maheshwari Andhavarapu ◽  
James Orwa ◽  
Marleen Temmerman ◽  
Joseph Wangira Musana
Keyword(s):  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Adverse Birth Outcomes ◽  
Biological Stress ◽  
Antenatal Stress

Antenatal stress has been associated with adverse birth outcomes such as fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, and preterm birth. Understanding key determinants of stress in a vulnerable pregnant population has the potential of informing development of targeted cost-effective interventions to mitigate against these adverse birth outcomes. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 150 pregnant women attending antenatal care services at a rural referral hospital in Kenya. The participants completed a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, the Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and gave a hair sample for cortisol and cortisone analysis. The association between selected sociodemographic predictors (age, parity, marital status, maternal education, household income, polygyny, and intimate partner violence) and outcomes (hair cortisol, hair cortisone, and PSS score) was examined using univariate, bivariate and multivariate models. We found a negative association between PSS scores and household income (β = −2.40, p = 0.016, 95% CI = −4.36, −0.45). There was a positive association of the ratio of hair cortisone to cortisol with Adolescent age group (β = 0.64, p = 0.031, 95% CI = 0.06, 1.22), and a negative association with Cohabitation (β = −1.21, p = 0.009, 95% CI = −2.11, −0.31). We conclude that household income influenced psychological stress in pregnancy. Adolescence and cohabitation may have an influence on biological stress, but the nature of this effect is unclear.

Does the Length of the Cooling-off Period Affect Audit Quality?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Mattocks ◽  
Ting-Chiao Huang ◽  
Robyn Moroney ◽  
Ashna Lata Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Unintended Consequence ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Period Length ◽  
Geographic Proximity ◽  
Client Characteristics ◽  
Multiple Measures ◽  
Client Knowledge

This paper examines the association between the length of the cooling-off period and audit quality: (1) when partners rotate back and (2) during the cooling-off period, ahead of an extension to the minimum cooling-off period requirement in Australia. Using multiple measures of audit quality, we find some evidence of a positive association between the cooling-off period length and audit quality when partners rotate back, yet evidence of a negative association between the two, during the cooling-off period. We also find that auditor and client characteristics-such as partner busyness, client knowledge, geographic proximity, and client importance-play important roles in determining the cooling-off period length and whether a partner rotates back onto a client. Overall, we provide timely evidence that extending the cooling-off period only marginally enhances audit quality when a partner rotates back onto a client, and evidence of an unintended consequence of this policy during the cooling-off period.

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