Are Dual-System Offenders Different?

2020 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2092803
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Craig ◽  
Anna Stewart ◽  
Emily Hurren
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Dual System ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Protective Services ◽  
Welfare Systems ◽  
Serious Offenders

Although most theoretical and policy approaches treat criminal behavior and child maltreatment as different issues, we examine the prevalence of those involved in both the criminal justice system and child protective services as perpetrators, assessing how several criminal career characteristics differ between dual-system and single-system offenders. Using longitudinal cohort data from the Queensland Cross-Sector Research Collaboration (QCRC), we found that while dual-system-involved offenders made up only 4% of the population, their proportion was much higher among those with a delinquent history, especially among females (males = 21%, females = 38%). Those involved with both systems were more serious offenders and child maltreatment perpetrators with respect to the number and versatility of system contacts. These findings suggest involvement in both the criminal justice and child welfare systems are part of an underlying vulnerability or predisposition toward antisocial behavior and represent an important overlap of service delivery that must be managed effectively.

How to Reduce Recidivism

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Basic Level

Nearly everyone sent to prison will one day return to the community. This means that understanding recidivism is of critical importance to members of that community. At the most basic level, recidivism can be defined as “the reversion of an individual to criminal behavior after he or she has been convicted of a prior offense, sentenced, and (presumably) corrected.” Recidivism therefore requires that some sort of involvement with the criminal justice system has taken place, and that then the individual again comes into contact with the system after additional transgressions. Recidivism, in other words, is officially detected, repeat unlawful behavior.

Criminalizing the Colonized: Ontario Native Women Confront the Criminal Justice System, 1920–60

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (s2) ◽  
pp. s387-s410
Author(s):  
Joan Sangster
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Native Women ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Welfare Systems ◽  
Victims Of Violence ◽  
Federally Sentenced

Over the past decade, Aboriginal women’s conflicts with the law and their plight within the penal and child welfare systems have received increasing media and government attention. Framed by the political demands of Native communities for self-government, and fuelled by disillusionment with a criminal justice system that has resolutely failed Native peoples—both as victims of violence and as defendants in the courts—government studies and royal commissions have documented the shocking overincarceration of Native women. At once marginalized, yet simultaneously the focus of intense government interest, Native women have struggled to make their own voices heard in these inquiries. Their testimony often speaks to their profound alienation from Canadian society and its justice system, an estrangement so intense that it is couched in despair. “How can we be healed by those who symbolize the worst experiences of our past?” asked one inmate before the 1990 Task Force on federally sentenced women.2 Her query invokes current Native exhortations for a reinvention of Aboriginal traditions of justice and healing; it also speaks directly to the injuries of colonialism experienced by Aboriginal peoples.

The Convicted Rapist

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTINE ALDER
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Violent Offenders ◽  
Correctional Facilities ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Serious Offenders

The issue addressed in this article concerns the characteristics of “official rapists,” that is, males who have been processed by the criminal justice system. Presently available research findings are inadequate for developing a definitive portrait of the rapist since the study populations most often consist of rapists only. In the research for this article, incarcerated rapists were compared with other sex offenders, and with other serious property and violent offenders. A sample of 965 males was drawn from a national survey of inmates in correctional facilities. While a few differences were found (most notably rapists were more likely to be black than other offenders), in general, rapists were most often similar to both serious property and violent offenders. Rapists differed most often from other sex offenders. However, both rapists and other sex offenders were less likely to have previously served time than other serious offenders.

Developments and challenges in probation practice: Is there a way forward for establishing effective and sustainable probation systems?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank John Porporino
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Criminal Offending ◽  
The World ◽  
Moral Suasion ◽  
Serious Offenders ◽  
Model Of Practice

Probation has been an historically important option for sanctioning criminal offending since the mid 1800s. Originally grounded in notions of volunteerism and community engagement to support rehabilitation of less serious offenders ‘through understanding, kindness, and sustained moral suasion’, probation was quickly institutionalized around the world as a major component of the criminal justice system. But modern probation practice is now struggling to define its proper aim, priorities and ways of working. Probation varies considerably across jurisdictions in how it is structured and organized, how well it is resourced, and how commonly it is used. But clearly what modern probation practice is ‘able’ to do in many jurisdictions does not match with what it ‘should’ do. The article will highlight some key challenges faced by probation and suggest some ways forward for it to get closer to what it ‘should’ do – in adopting a well- integrated and evidence informed model of practice.

The Paradox of Law Enforcement in Immigrant Communities

2012 ◽  
Vol 641 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Kirk ◽  
Andrew V. Papachristos ◽  
Jeffrey Fagan ◽  
Tom R. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Immigration Reform ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Willingness To Cooperate

Frustrated by federal inaction on immigration reform, several U.S. states in recent years have proposed or enacted laws designed to stem the flow of illegal immigrants into the United States and to facilitate their removal. An underappreciated implication of these laws is the potential alienation of immigrant communities—even law-abiding, cooperative individuals—from the criminal justice system. The ability of the criminal justice system to detect and sanction criminal behavior is dependent upon the cooperation of the general public, including acts such as the reporting of crime and identifying suspects. Cooperation is enhanced when local residents believe that laws are enforced fairly. In contrast, research reveals that cynicism of the police and the legal system undermines individuals’ willingness to cooperate with the police and engage in the collective actions necessary to socially control crime. By implication, recent trends toward strict local enforcement of immigration laws may actually undercut public safety by creating a cynicism of the law in immigrant communities. Using data from a 2002 survey of New York City residents, this study explores the implications of perceived injustices perpetrated by the criminal justice system for resident willingness to cooperate with the police in immigrant communities.

Disability, Race and Ex-Offender Status: The Tri-vector Challenge to Employment

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Feist-Price ◽  
Lisa Lavergne ◽  
Michelle Davis
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Physical Disabilities ◽  
Racial Minority ◽  
Job Skills ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
System A

Racial minority populations consistently make up the largest percentage of individuals incarcerated in the criminal justice system. A significant number of inmates have one or more mental and physical disabilities. To fully understand the intersection between race, disability and incarceration, we must explore the genesis of criminal behavior, which often begins during secondary school years and continue into adulthood. Researchers have begun a discourse on this issue called the school to prison pipeline. Thus, resources to minimize recidivism are of utmost importance. Obtaining education and job skills while incarcerated positively impact ex-offenders' ability to obtain and maintain employment following their release from prison. Additionally, securing employment significantly diminishes the rate of recidivism. However, proper attention and resources are required for persons with disabling conditions. This article will address the rate of incarceration among persons with disabilities by giving particular attention to race, recidivism, education, and resources.

Problem-Solving Courts and the Criminal Justice System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David DeMatteo ◽  
Kirk Heilbrun ◽  
Shelby Arnold ◽  
Alice Thornewill
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Behavioral Health ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Problem Solving Courts

Individuals with behavioral health disorders are significantly overrepresented in the criminal justice system. The incarceration of offenders with substance use disorders and mental illness has contributed to dramatic growth in the incarcerated population in the United States. Problem-solving courts provide judicially supervised treatment for behavioral health needs commonly found among offenders, including substance abuse and mental health, and they treat a variety of offender populations. By addressing the problems that underlie criminal behavior, problem-solving courts seek to decrease the “revolving door” that results when offender needs are not addressed. Problem-solving courts use a team approach among the judge, defense attorney, prosecutor, and treatment providers, which is a paradigm shift in how the justice system treats offenders with special needs. Offenders in problem-solving courts are held accountable for their behavior while being provided with judicially supervised treatment designed to reduce the risk of reoffending. Despite the proliferation of problem-solving courts, there are unanswered questions about how they function, how effective they are, and the most promising ways to implement problem-solving justice. Problem-Solving Courts and the Criminal Justice System is the first book to focus broadly on problem-solving courts. The changing landscape of the criminal justice system, recent development of problem-solving courts, and ongoing shift toward offender rehabilitation underscore the need for this book. This book provides those in the fields of mental health, criminal justice, law, and related fields with a comprehensive foundation of information related to the role of problem-solving courts in reforming the criminal justice system. This book also provides researchers, academics, administrators, and policy-makers with an overview of the existing research on problem-solving courts, including the challenges faced by researchers when examining these courts.

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