Ridership Ramp-Up? Initial Ridership Variation on New Rail Transit Projects

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (10) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Elizabeth Shinn ◽  
Carole Turley Voulgaris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Short Term ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Conventional wisdom within the transit industry suggests that measuring the performance of a transit project immediately after project opening may not capture all the project’s benefits, since it takes time for a project to realize its short-term ridership potential, a process commonly referred to as ridership ramp-up. Though this idea is both intuitive and appealing, especially for projects that seem to be underperforming in their initial years, there is a need for empirical analysis to determine the typical magnitude and extent of ridership ramp-up to better account for ramp-up in ridership forecasting and transit project evaluation. The purpose of this study was to meet this need by evaluating variations in ridership in the initial years after project opening for 55 rail transit projects in the United States. We applied a fixed-effects regression model to predict 1-year increases in ridership in each of the first 5 years after project opening, controlling for variation in gas prices, population, income, and unemployment. We found highly variable and statistically significant increases in ridership in the first 2 years after project opening that may be attributable to ridership ramp-up. These findings could support decisions about how to account for ridership ramp-up in forecasting and performance evaluation for rail transit projects.

Survey of Truck Drivers’ Knowledge and Beliefs Regarding Driver Fatigue

1998 ◽  
Vol 1640 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Van Hemel ◽  
William C. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Truck Drivers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Topic Area ◽  
Knowledge And Beliefs ◽  
And Performance

A survey was distributed to about 25,000 truck drivers in the United States and Canada to determine their knowledge of several fatigue-related topics; 4,833 responses were received and tabulated. Analysis by topic area indicated that the following topics are not well understood by respondents and should be considered for special emphasis in fatigue outreach and education programs. Sleep disorders, especially sleep apnea, appear to be poorly understood by the respondents, and younger drivers are least informed on this topic. Many respondents are not aware that apnea is treatable. Napping is recognized as an effective short-term countermeasure to fatigue by fewer drivers than might be desired. Those who do use napping as a fatigue countermeasure believe it is very helpful. Sleep requirements may be underestimated by many drivers. About 25 percent of the respondents believe that 5 to 6 hr of sleep per night is enough to maintain alertness. Circadian rhythm effects are not fully understood by the respondents, especially effects on mood and performance efficiency. Caffeine and its effects on the body are misunderstood by many drivers. A fairly large proportion of respondents appear unaware of the limitations on caffeine’s stimulant effects and of possible side effects of caffeine overuse. Melatonin, a hormone, may be another substance the drivers need to know more about. Many drivers did not respond to the item on melatonin safety, and many others responded incorrectly.

Effects of Ownership and Internalization Advantages on Performance: The Case of Japanese Subsidiaries in the United States and Latin America

2001 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 69-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Vega-Céspedes ◽  
Yasuo Hoshino
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Entry Mode ◽  
The United States ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Internalization Advantages

This paper attempts to prove empirically that ownership and internalization advantages play a more important role than entry mode in explaining the attained performance of subsidiary companies. While a direct effect of ownership and internalization advantages on performance was found, a relation between entry mode and performance is not evident. A logistic regression model is applied to two samples, i.e., two states in the United States and countries of Latin America.

scholarly journals The Racial Gap in Employment and Layoffs during COVID-19 in the United States: A Visualization

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312098839
Author(s):  
Felipe A. Dias
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
White Male ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Outbreak Period ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

A large body of sociological research has shown that racial minorities and women experience significant disadvantages in the labor market. In this visualization, the author presents evidence from the Current Population Survey examining the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 crisis on racial and gender inequalities in employment in the United States among prime-age workers. The author shows that the white-nonwhite gap in employment increased significantly during the post-outbreak period. Results from individual fixed-effects regression models show a strong white male advantage in the likelihood of being laid off for post-outbreak months compared with women, black men, Hispanic men, and Asian men.

Cultural Awareness of Students in Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Mixed-Methods Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1231-1242
Author(s):  
Celeste Domsch ◽  
Lori Stiritz ◽  
Jay Huff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Global Awareness ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study

Purpose This study used a mixed-methods design to assess changes in students' cultural awareness during and following a short-term study abroad. Method Thirty-six undergraduate and graduate students participated in a 2-week study abroad to England during the summers of 2016 and 2017. Quantitative data were collected using standardized self-report measures administered prior to departure and after returning to the United States and were analyzed using paired-samples t tests. Qualitative data were collected in the form of daily journal reflections during the trip and interviews after returning to the United States and analyzed using phenomenological methods. Results No statistically significant changes were evident on any standardized self-report measures once corrections for multiple t tests were applied. In addition, a ceiling effect was found on one measure. On the qualitative measures, themes from student transcripts included increased global awareness and a sense of personal growth. Conclusions Measuring cultural awareness poses many challenges. One is that social desirability bias may influence responses. A second is that current measures of cultural competence may exhibit ceiling or floor effects. Analysis of qualitative data may be more useful in examining effects of participation in a short-term study abroad, which appears to result in decreased ethnocentrism and increased global awareness in communication sciences and disorders students. Future work may wish to consider the long-term effects of participation in a study abroad for emerging professionals in the field.

The Future of Muslim Education in the United States: An Agenda for Research

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 46-82
Author(s):  
Fathi Malkawi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Education ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Future ◽  
Muslim Education ◽  
Future Plans

This paper addresses some of the Muslim community’s concerns regarding its children’s education and reflects upon how education has shaped the position of other communities in American history. It argues that the future of Muslim education will be influenced directly by the present realities and future trends within American education in general, and, more importantly, by the well-calculated and informed short-term and long-term decisions and future plans taken by the Muslim community. The paper identifies some areas in which a wellestablished knowledge base is critical to making decisions, and calls for serious research to be undertaken to furnish this base.

“Of Sound Mind and Body”

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-86
Author(s):  
Frank E. Vandervort ◽  
Vincent J. Palusci
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Prenatally Exposed ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Sound Mind

Substance abuse is a major medical and social problem. Estimates suggest that each year some 15 percent of the 4 million babies born in the United States are exposed to drugs or alcohol. Research demonstrates that exposure to these substances is harmful to the children in both the short term and across their developmental trajectory. This chapter summarizes the harms that might result from such prenatal exposure and considers the ways that both federal and state law respond to this. The chapter argues for universal drug testing of newborns in an effort to ascertain whether they have been prenatally exposed to such substances so that treatment and other services can be provided.

scholarly journals Decline in Marriage Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 237802312098032
Author(s):  
Brandon G. Wagner ◽  
Kate H. Choi ◽  
Philip N. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Social ◽  
Reporting Delays ◽  
Social Upheaval ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Do So

In the social upheaval arising from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we do not yet know how union formation, particularly marriage, has been affected. Using administration records—marriage certificates and applications—gathered from settings representing a variety of COVID-19 experiences in the United States, the authors compare counts of recorded marriages in 2020 against those from the same period in 2019. There is a dramatic decrease in year-to-date cumulative marriages in 2020 compared with 2019 in each case. Similar patterns are observed for the Seattle metropolitan area when analyzing the cumulative number of marriage applications, a leading indicator of marriages in the near future. Year-to-date declines in marriage are unlikely to be due solely to closure of government agencies that administer marriage certification or reporting delays. Together, these findings suggest that marriage has declined during the COVID-19 outbreak and may continue to do so, at least in the short term.

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