Reason and Ethics and an Islamic Reformation

The fourth chapter argues that the Shi‘i claim that the moral value of an act can be known objectively enables a jurist to deduce new injunctions based on moral rationalist considerations. The chapter also maintains that legal determinations based on rational and ethical considerations can empower a jurist to legislate on topics that are congruent with the views of the people of sound mind. It further demonstrates that disregarding the role of ethics in legal deliberations has led to the inference and issuance of iniquitous statements by the very scholars who uphold the Islamic ethical and legal tradition. In order to make Islamic jurisprudence more ethical, Muslim scholars will have to incorporate principles like justice, dignity, and judgments of reason (‘aql) in their legal deliberations so that these principles play more central and decisive roles in determining how the sources are interpreted and applied.

Islamic Reformation and the Tools of Ijtihad

This chapter argues that jurists can employ various tools like public welfare and the principle of no harm to either modify earlier legal enactments or formulate new ones. It contends that these devices can provide only partial and temporary amendments to existing legal injunctions. The chapter also examines the role of custom (‘urf) in the reformation process and shows that the Qur’an presumes that its legal rulings will be understood based on prevalent customary practices and values. Contemporary jurists who insist on enforcing earlier edicts are, in effect, validating pre-Islamic Arabian cultural values and imposing them on contemporary Muslims. The chapter also argues that some of the laws that were instituted in a distinct cultural context will have to be revised especially when they encounter a different cultural framework. It also explores how local custom that is endorsed by people of sound mind can legislate laws in today’s diasporic context.

End-of-life dreams and visions as perceived by palliative care professionals: A qualitative study

Objective End-of-life dreams and visions (ELDVs) have been suggested to be prevalent psychic phenomena near death that can provide meaning and comfort for the dying. There is a lack of studies from the secular Nordic countries. The aim of this study was to determine whether palliative care professionals in a Nordic country have experience of patients expressing dreams, visions, and/or inner experiences and, if so, how they are perceived. Method Focus-group interviews with 18 professionals in end-of-life palliative care were subjected to qualitative content analysis. Results Most (15/18) professionals had experience of patients with ELDVs. A dominant content was deceased loved ones. According to most professionals, many patients perceived their ELDVs as real and could report them with clarity. The experience could result in peacefulness for patients, as well as loved ones, and reduce fear of death. Some professionals themselves perceived ELDVs to be real and a normal part of dying while a few found them scary. Most professionals, however, found ELDVs hard to grasp. Many tried to explain the phenomena as the result of medical circumstances and confusion, although reporting that they considered most patients to be normal and of sound mind in connection with their reports on ELDVs. Most patients wanted to talk about their ELDVs, but some could be reluctant due to fear of being considered crazy. The professionals were open-minded and reported having no problem talking about it with the patients and tried to normalize the experience thereby calming the patient and loved ones. Significance of results The results strengthen the suggestion that ELDVs are common phenomena near death, worldwide. Although most professionals in palliative care recognized ELDVs as beneficial to patients, many found the phenomena hard to grasp and sometimes difficult to distinguish from confusion, indicating a continuous need for exploration and education.

Bernard Hart (1879–1966) and his influence on British psychiatry

Bernard Hart was among the most eminent 20th-century British psychiatrists. Following medical qualification at University College Hospital, London, he trained in psychiatry, which included two years studying in Paris and Zurich. He was appointed as the first psychiatric consultant at University College Hospital, then spent some time in Liverpool, where he specialized in treating war neurosis. Early in his career, Hart was one of the first to introduce the ideas of Freud and Janet, and the importance of unconscious processes, to the British public. After the First World War, Hart returned to University College Hospital, where he remained until 1947, building up a flourishing department. Hart was appointed to numerous senior offices and directed the psychiatric section of the British Emergency Medical Services in the Second World War. Hart is believed to be the last psychiatrist to certify someone (John Amery) as being of sufficiently sound mind to die for treason.

Justification of Life imprisonment in Serbian Criminal Law

In Serbia, disputes have been going on for years (which are also the subject of many congresses) about the regulation of the most severe types of punishment. The criminal policy of the country shows a tendency to toughen penalties. By attracting a lot of media attention and putting pressure on state institutions concerning certain tragic events caused by the murder and rape of minors, including children, some members of the public hysterically demand that the state respond with the strictest penalties, even if they no longer exist (the death penalty).In December 1, 2019 The Law on Amendments and Additions to the Criminal Code, which, among other things, prescribes life imprisonment, entered into force. It is assumed that the fact that there is a life sentence for particularly serious crimes, such as murder or crimes against sexual freedom in particularly serious forms, may make criminals think twice before committing them. In addition, proponents of the introduction of such a punishment argue that the fear of life imprisonment can act as a corrective and preventive measure, thereby reducing the proportion of these criminal offenses.The paper provides a critical analysis of this justification for the return of life imprisonment to the criminal law. The arguments against this include: 1) statistics confirm that life imprisonment for possible criminals who have committed particularly serious criminal offenses is not a factor of prevention; 2) general prevention is undermined; 3) the previously existing maximum prison term was not an obstacle, that is, it was not a factor of prevention; 3) innovations would not change the decisions of criminals, although they were in their sound mind at the time of committing criminal offenses, realizing the illegality of these actions; 4) it becomes impossible to carry out the correction and re-socialization of the sentenced person, who knows that he will remain closed outside the social and family environment for the rest of his life; 5) it is also necessary to keep in mind that it is the state that financially maintains such criminals.

Sports Facilities and Utilities: A Perceptual Analysis of Secondary School Students

Kant stated that education is to develop a sound mind in a sound body. Following a descriptive survey in a quantitative framework, the current study aimed to analyze the perception of students at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa about the availability of sports facilities and their utilization. A multi-stage sample of 300 students was taken from12 urban Secondary schools of district Peshawar. A questionnaire was used for the collection of quantitative data having five-point Likert scales. Kruskale Wallace H test and Mann-Whitney U test were used as inferential statistics for finding the differences in the groups. The study found that most of the secondary school students participated in sports activities. The majority of schools were having sports facilities, however, fewer students were having sports facilities outside their schools. It was suggested that if students are provided with proper sports facilities and proper guidelines, it will have a significant impact on their physical development and academic achievements.

“RUWAIBDA HADITH AND LEGAL PROVISIONS LEARNED FROM A CRITICAL ANALYSIS STUDY”

There is no doubt that understanding the texts of theAL Qur’an and the Sunnah is correct and one of the most important influences in preparing a Muslim’s mind, thinking and misunderstanding. It has made the ummah divisions, parties and groups that move away and approach pure and pure Islam whenever their understanding is controlled by the rules of the AL Qur’an and Sunnah and a sound mind far from whims and hatred, and away from ignorance and hatred The ignorant and the hateful are the same in defaming Islam and distorting its image. The hadith of the Holy Prophet, may ALLAH prayers and peace be upon him, in Al-Rawabda and the future foresight in it are important topics that need to be studied and scrutinized, because the Prophet, may ALLAH prayers and peace be upon him, reported on matters whose features have been revealed in our present time, and I did not find anyone who studied this topic in a careful, analytical, scientific study. To demonstrate the authenticity of the hadith due to its weakness, by examining the evidence that it came to make it possible to benefit from the legal rulings that it included to convert the Prophet’s Sunnah from the texts preserved between the lines into our daily practical life as a control for our dishonor, a guide and a guide. The nature of this research required that it be divided into three demands The first requirement - the methods of hadith, its chain of narrators, and the reasons for it The second requirement - the text adopted from the hadithThe third requirement - the legal provisions learned from it As for the first requirement, the chain of narrators, through studying this requirement carefully, it became clear to me that the hadith was transmitted by three of the Companions: Abu Huraira, AnasIbn Malik, AwfIbn Malik Al-Ashajai, may Allah be pleased with them all, and a group of narrators transmitted it from them, and in some of these methods some drawbacks and reasons, including the research And then I will study, research and scrutiny As for the second requirement, it was in the text adopted from the hadith, which combines the different expressions of the hadith in different ways. It is his saying (the Messenger of Allah, may Allah prayers and peace be upon him. It was said: O Messenger of God, and who is Al-Rawaidah? He said: A fool speaks about common matters. As for the third axis, the legal rulings learned from the hadith, this hadith is considered one of the future miracles of the Holy Prophet, may Allah prayers and peace be upon him, which were revealed by the days and years, because it describes our reality today and that it lives in it, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. Understanding texts and linking them to facts and events is not a real revelation, but rather an interpretation and diligence that can be wrong and correct and delude people that this understanding and interpretation is the revealed revelation, and it is the intention of Allah Almighty and His Messenger, may Allah prayers and peace be upon him. To denounce Islam and Muslims and bring out the confused image of Islam and Muslims in front of people and deceives that this is the Islam that Muhammad, may Allah prayers and peace be upon him and his companions, may Allah be pleased with them all, brought. This is a lie and a shame on Allah, His Messenger and Islam.

University-Wide Extension Project: Its Impact on Holistic Wellness of Third Agers and Contribution to Development Goals

Holistic wellness is vital to sustaining sound mind and healthy body of third-agers. These individuals are considered vulnerable. Previous surveys indicated limited wellness activities among third agers. With this, an extension project was designed and implemented to address this concern. This paper evaluated the impact of the project on the holistic wellness of third-agers and determined its contribution to national and international goals. The result chain framework was used to identify the impact. It gathered data through survey tools and interviews supported by annual reports. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that the university-wide extension project was successful in implementing activities and producing desired outputs. Its outcomes are evidenced in the attainment of its vision, mission, and objectives. As found, the project had a very high impact on the holistic wellness of third agers in each dimension and as a whole. This means that the third-agers have balanced well-being. This paper also highlights the contributions of the project in the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022, ambisyon 2040, and sustainable development goals. In the end, relevant recommendations are specifically articulated for future actions.