scholarly journals Analysis of Port Accidents and Calibration of Heinrich’s Pyramid

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110444
Author(s):  
Arnab Majumdar ◽  
Iulia Manole ◽  
Ryan Nalty
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Accidents ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Near Misses ◽  
Severe Accidents ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
Accident Causation ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
First Time

Academics and the maritime industry have used the Heinrich Pyramid for decades to justify overall safety theory, risk assessments, and accident prevention strategies. Most use Heinrich’s original severity ratios (1:29:300) for accident causation development in a factory setting. However, to use the Pyramid effectively and mitigate risks/hazards, it must be calibrated to represent specific industry reality. This paper, for the first time, focuses on calibration of Heinrich’s Pyramid to maritime accident data, using databases from the Marine Accident Investigation Branch of the Department for Transport. This research clusters five years (2013–2017) of accident data, using K-Means clustering on categorical variables and severity levels of accidents, similar logic to Heinrich’s analysis. This approach and descriptive statistics provide new ratios between accident severity classifications for casualties with a ship (CS) and occupational accidents (OAs) separately. Results show that the data do not appear to fall into Heinrich’s Pyramid shape and yield a vastly different and lower ratio to that of Heinrich’s. Especially concerning was that Very Serious and Serious accidents occurred at a 1:5 ratio for CS and 4:1 for OA, very different from Heinrich’s 1:29. Although these results calculated a new ratio, it may not represent reality owing to accident reporting requirements under UK law, a lack of an agreed taxonomy of risk and hazard definitions, and likely underreporting of less severe accidents. This is proven because, in 2017, CS data became pyramid shaped, after a decrease in the number of accidents and a 17% increase in near-misses.

Human Factor Study for Maritime Simulator-Based Assessment of Cadets

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yisi Liu ◽  
Xiyuan Hou ◽  
Olga Sourina ◽  
Dimitrios Konovessis ◽  
Gopala Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Occupational Accidents ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Near Misses

Maritime accident statistics show that the majority of accidents/incidents are attributed to human errors as the initiating cause. Some studies put this as high as 95% of all accidents (collision, grounding, fire, occupational accidents, etc). The traditional way to investigate human factors in maritime industry is the statistical analysis of accident data. Although this analysis can provide key findings, it cannot capture the causal relationship between performance shaping factors and human performance in the everyday routine work, and is not suitable to be used in the individual assessment of cadets. To reveal the effects of human factors in maritime and assess the performance of cadets, a full-mission simulator is widely used. Different scenarios such as bad weather, day and night environment, different traffic load, etc. can be simulated. The fine details of the cadet performance can be recorded in the simulator during the assessment. As a result, other than performance failure, the near misses can also be detected. Additionally, a number of cadets can go through the same scenarios at the same time and between-subjects comparison is enabled. Besides the operations recording provided by the simulator, biosignal-based tools can additionally help in the human factors study in maritime. The existing methods include palmer perspiration, electrocardiography, etc. However, the psychophysiological states that can be recognized by these methods are limited. Electroencephalogram (EEG) biosignals can be used to directly assess the “inner” mental states of subjects. Nowadays, since the EEG devices become portable, easy to setup, and affordable in price, EEG-based tools can be used to assess psychophysiological state of subjects. Using the sensors during performing the task we can recognize the cadet/captain’s emotions, attentiveness/concentration, mental workload, and stress level in real time. In this work, we propose a real-time brain state recognition system using EEG biosignals to monitor mental workload and stress of cadets during simulator-based assessment. Currently, the proposed and implemented system includes stress and mental workload recognition algorithms. The EEG-based mental state monitoring can reflect the true “inner” feelings, stress level and workload of the cadets during the simulator-aided assessment. The time resolution is up to 0.03 second. As a result, we can analyze the recognized brain states and the corresponding performance and behavior recorded by the simulator to study how human factors affect the subject’s performance. For example, we can check is there any correlation of the cadet’s stress level and performance results. Finally, the proposed EEG-based system allows us to assess whether a cadet is ready to perform tasks on the bridge or needs more training in the simulator even if he/she navigated with few errors during the assessment.

scholarly journals Histopathologic Differences between Jewish and Arab Population in Israel at First-Time Presentation with Bladder Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Ofir Avitan ◽  
Zaher Bahouth ◽  
Sarel Halachmi ◽  
Sagi Shprits ◽  
Ismail Masarwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metastatic Disease ◽  
Urothelial Cancer ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Arab Population ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Aggressive Tumors ◽  
Arab Men ◽  
First Time

Background. Pathology of urothelial carcinoma may vary in different populations at diagnosis. Our aim was to evaluate the histopathologic differences between Jewish and Arab patients in Israel at first diagnosis of urothelial cancer. Patients and Methods. We retrospectively collected data of all patients with confirmed urothelial cancer, treated at our department between January 2010 and January 2015. We examined the distribution of the histopathologic data among the studied populations. To compare the categorical variables we used the Chi-Square Pearson test. Comparison of independent variables was made by Student’s t-test. P value below 0.05 was considered significant. Results. The study group included 413 patients, 345 Jews and 68 Arabs. The major differences were that Arab patients were younger (62.61 versus 68.55 years, P=0.001), had more aggressive tumors that were detected at a more advanced stage, and had also a higher rate of metastatic disease (7.4% versus 3.2%, P=0.05). Nonurothelial cell tumors were 2.3 times more prevalent in Arab population. Unlike Jewish population, Arab women had higher rate of invasive/metastatic disease compared with Arab men (40% versus 22.4%). Conclusion. At time of diagnosis the tumors were more aggressive in Arab patients, especially in Arab women. The reasons for those differences constitute a target for a separate research. These results should have an impact on prevention medicine and education of physicians treating mixed populations.

Impact of Theory of Accident Causation on Intervention Strategies

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper E. Shealy
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Intervention ◽  
Accident Causation ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
The Way

Paper shows how the belief that one has about how accidents happen (Theory of Accident Causation) affects the design of the Accident Report Form, the type of information gathered, the nature of your accident data base, the analysis of the data and, finally, the way in which you intervene in the situation. Two different approaches are examined, one which is typical of most existing systems, the other represents a much improved system that points the way to more effective intervention strategies.

scholarly journals Giving Intention Versus Giving Behavior: How Differently Do Satisfaction, Trust, and Commitment Relate to Them?

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1023-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen Shang ◽  
Adrian Sargeant ◽  
Kathryn Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
First Time ◽  
Practical Implications

This research quantifies for the first time in the literature how strong the direct and indirect relationships are between satisfaction, trust, and commitment and giving intention versus giving behavior. We constructed a unique data set of over 17,000 donors from five large charities. We applied the latest mediation framework for categorical variables from consumer behavior. We found that at a group level, most of the direct and indirect effects that exist between satisfaction, trust, commitment, and giving intention also exist between these factors and giving behavior, but the effect sizes are between 3 to 8 times larger in modeling giving intentions than in modeling giving behavior. When giving intention and giving behavior are matched at an individual level, all group-level findings are replicated. In addition, we found 27% of the donors with no intention to give, actually gave. Theoretical, empirical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed.

Moving to secondary use of IT solutions: A provincial “near miss indicator” for chemotherapy.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (30_suppl) ◽  
pp. 161-161
Author(s):  
Vishal Kukreti ◽  
Megan Teimoortagh ◽  
Annie Cheung ◽  
Sharon Gradin ◽  
John Gilks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Miss ◽  
Near Misses ◽  
Chemotherapy Drug ◽  
Secondary Use ◽  
Computerized Order Entry ◽  
Laboratory Values ◽  
Future System ◽  
Using Data ◽  
First Time ◽  
Order Entry Systems

161 Background: In Ontario, 93% of outpatient IV chemotherapy is prescribed through Systemic Treatment Computerized Order Entry Systems (ST CPOE). To support this, Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) has developed guidelines, evaluation tools, a Community of Practice (COP) and quality indicators. Using data collected in ST CPOE systems a “Near Miss Indicator” is being developed. Methods: Clinical consensus indicated that intercepted order rate, a proxy for a near miss indicator, would further the provincial safety agenda. This is defined as the percent of course 1, day 1 intravenous (IV) chemotherapy drug orders that were changed post-first time prescribing a new regimen (excludes clinical trials). An extraction standard for dose adjustments was developed encompassing clinical and laboratory values and body surface area (BSA). Three months of data was collected from 3 centres using the same ST CPOE system. Results: A total of 6822 orders were reviewed for possible near misses; 1,446 (21.2%) were course 1 orders. For course 1, day 1 IV chemotherapy drug orders, 209 (3.2%) were changed. Most orders were changed several hours to days post prescribing and hence were not felt to represent normal clinical workflows. Physicians modified 65 and pharmacy modified 169 orders. “Other” was chosen as the reason for change in 95 (45.5%) of orders and despite multidisciplinary team review, these records were not interpretable. A near miss rate of 2.2% resulted (32/1,446). Clinical and laboratory values and BSA were equally responsible. A fourth category of “dose rounding for ease” by pharmacy was identified and felt to possibly represent poor regimen builds and pharmacy workload. Conclusions: A near miss indicator is under development via a process of identifying a need, exploration of data and socialization of the results through a COP. Initial results show a low near miss indicator rate of 2.2% which is felt to be clinically actionable. Future system modifications may facilitate capture of this indicator. The feasibility of extending the indicator to multiple vendor ST CPOEs is under study.

The Use of Accident Data in Studying Vehicle Handling Performance

1975 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Lateral Acceleration ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
Vehicle Handling ◽  
Handling Performance ◽  
Handling Characteristics ◽  
Accident Causation ◽  
Accident Data

A study to establish the relation between vehicle handling performance and accident causation. Since deficiencies in handling are likely to be associated with accidents involving loss of control, measures of handling which are likely to express proneness to loss of control are first suggested; emphasis is placed on simplicity of measurement to allow as many different models of car as possible to be included in the study. Accident rates for the various types of accident which are likely to be influenced by these parameters are then determined by model of car. The effect of other factors, such as variation in driver characteristics between different models of car on these rates is then assessed so that the relation between handling characteristics and accident frequency can be defined. Finally, the relative importance of the various measures of handling suggested are assessed. The results suggest that there is a definite relation between handling performance and accident causation although it is relatively small when compared to driver effects. In explaining the variation in the accident rate between different models of car, driver effects account for as much as 70 per cent; if driver effects are removed from the accident rate then handling parameters explain between 35 and 40 per cent of the remaining variation between models of car. The important parameters appear to be weight, a measure of the change in understeer as a function of lateral acceleration and power to weight ratio.

scholarly journals Perioperative seizure in patients with glioma is associated with longer hospitalization, higher readmission, and decreased overall survival

2016 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Dewan ◽  
Gabrielle A. White-Dzuro ◽  
Philip R. Brinson ◽  
Reid C. Thompson ◽  
Lola B. Chambless
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Hospital Quality ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Average Hospital ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Postoperative Seizure ◽  
First Time

OBJECTIVE Seizures are among the most common perioperative complications in patients undergoing craniotomy for brain tumor resection and have been associated with increased disease progression and decreased survival. Little evidence exists regarding the relationship between postoperative seizures and hospital quality measures, including length of stay (LOS), disposition, and readmission. The authors sought to address these questions by analyzing a glioma population over 15 years. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was used to evaluate the outcomes of patients who experienced a postoperative seizure. Patients with glioma who underwent craniotomy for resection between 1998 and 2013 were enrolled in the institutional tumor registry. Basic data, including demographics and comorbidities, were recorded in addition to hospitalization details and complications. Seizures were diagnosed by clinical examination, observation, and electroencephalography. The Student t-test and chi-square test were used to analyze differences in the means between continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Multivariate logistic and linear regression was used to compare multiple clinical variables against hospital quality metrics and survival figures, respectively. RESULTS In total, 342 patients with glioma underwent craniotomy for first-time resection. The mean age was 51.0 ± 17.3 years, 192 (56.1%) patients were male, and the median survival time for all grades was 15.4 months (range 6.2–24.0 months). High-grade glioma (Grade III or IV) was seen in 71.9% of patients. Perioperative antiepileptic drugs were administered to 88% of patients. Eighteen (5.3%) patients experienced a seizure within 14 days postoperatively, and 9 (50%) of these patients experienced first-time seizures. The mean time to the first postoperative seizure was 4.3 days (range 0–13 days). There was no significant association between tumor grade and the rate of perioperative seizure (Grade I, 0%; II, 7.0%; III, 6.1%; IV, 5.2%; p = 0.665). A single ictal episode occurred in 11 patients, while 3 patients experienced 2 seizures and 4 patients developed 3 or more seizures. Compared with their seizure-free counterparts, patients who experienced a perioperative seizure had an increased average hospital (6.8 vs 3.6 days, p = 0.032) and ICU LOS (5.4 vs 2.3 days; p < 0.041). Seventy-five percent of seizure-free patients were discharged home in comparison with 55.6% of seizure patients (p = 0.068). Patients with a postoperative seizure were significantly more likely to visit the emergency department within 90 days (44.4% vs 19.0%; OR 3.41 [95% CI 1.29–9.02], p = 0.009) and more likely to be readmitted within 90 days (50.0% vs 18.4%; OR 4.45 [95% CI 1.69–11.70], p = 0.001). In addition, seizure-free patients had a longer median overall survival (15.6 months [interquartile range 6.6–24.4 months] vs 3.0 months [interquartile range 1.0–25.0 months]; p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Patients with perioperative seizures following glioma resection required longer hospital and ICU LOS, were readmitted at higher rates than seizure-free patients, and experienced shorter overall survival. Biological and clinical factors that predispose to the development of seizures after glioma surgery portend a worse outcome. Efforts to identify these factors and reduce the risk of postoperative seizure should remain a priority among neurosurgical oncologists.

scholarly journals Deciphering Why 'Cursed Construction Workers' are More Vulnerable to Occupational Accidents

10.29007/wmdk ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Namian ◽  
Donna Hollar ◽  
Farshid Taherpour ◽  
Ebrahim Ghiasvand
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Safety Performance ◽  
Construction Workers ◽  
Occupational Accidents ◽  
Workplace Hazards ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Accident Causation ◽  
Safety Attitude ◽  
Superstitious Beliefs

The construction industry has high rates of accidents, but most can be prevented. To prevent accidents, researchers have demonstrated that workers must first identify workplace hazards. However, workers fail to identify most hazards in construction environments. Previous studies report several factors (i.e., safety attitude) that impact construction workers' ability to recognize hazards. However, the role of superstitious beliefs in safety performance has not been studied. This research investigates how construction workers’ superstitious beliefs impact their safety performance. To achieve the objectives, 135 construction workers participated in this study. The workers’ safety beliefs and the role of supernatural myths in accident causation perception were studied through use of a validated survey instrument. Results revealed that the greater workers’ superstitious beliefs, the more inferior their safety performance. Driven by superstitions, a worker believes that accidents are caused by supernatural powers and workers have little control over their fate resulting in inferior safety performance (i.e., hazard recognition). Poor safety performance, in turn, makes workers more vulnerable to accidents strengthening their superstitious beliefs. Results of this study highlight the role of personal superstitious beliefs in safety performance. Findings are beneficial for construction professionals and practitioners seeking long-lasting and effective interventions to improve safety performance.

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