Humeral Retrotorsion and Glenohumeral Motion in Youth Baseball Players Compared With Age-Matched Nonthrowing Athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 454-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot M. Greenberg ◽  
J. Todd R. Lawrence ◽  
Alicia Fernandez-Fernandez ◽  
Philip McClure
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Youth Baseball ◽  
Shoulder Motion ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Side Asymmetry

Background: Baseball players exhibit a more posteriorly oriented humeral head in their throwing arm. This is termed humeral retrotorsion (HRT) and likely represents a response to the stress of throwing. This adaptation is thought to occur while the athlete is skeletally immature, however currently there is limited research detailing how throwing activity in younger players influences the development of HRT. In addition, it is presently unclear how this changing osseous orientation may influence shoulder motion within young athletes. Purpose: To determine the influence of throwing activity and age on the development of side-to-side asymmetry in HRT and shoulder range of motion (ROM). Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Healthy athletes (age range, 8-14 years) were categorized into 2 groups based upon sports participation; throwers (n = 85) and nonthrowers (n = 68). Bilateral measurements of HRT, shoulder external rotation (ER), internal rotation (IR), and total range of motion (TROM) at 90° were performed using diagnostic ultrasound and a digital inclinometer. Side-to-side asymmetry (dominant minus nondominant side) in HRT and in shoulder ER, IR, and TROM were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed with 2-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: Throwers demonstrated a larger degree of HRT on the dominant side, resulting in greater asymmetry compared with nonthrowers (8.7° vs 4.8°). Throwers demonstrated a gain of ER (5.1°), a loss of IR (6.0°), and no change in TROM when compared with the nondominant shoulder. Pairwise comparisons identified altered HRT and shoulder ROM in all age groups, including the youngest throwers (age range, 8-10.5 years). A positive correlation existed between HRT and ER ROM that was stronger in nonthrowers ( r = 0.63) than in throwers ( r = 0.23), while a negative correlation existed with IR that was stronger in throwers ( r = −0.40) than in nonthrowers ( r = −0.27). Conclusion: Throwing activity causes adaptive changes in HRT and shoulder ROM in youth baseball players at an early age. Other factors in addition to HRT influence shoulder motion within this population.

Hip internal and external rotation range of motion reliability in youth baseball players

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett S. Bullock ◽  
Edward C. Beck ◽  
Gary S. Collins ◽  
Stephanie R. Filbay ◽  
Kristen F. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Youth Baseball

scholarly journals Shoulder Range of Motion and Baseball Arm Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1190-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett S. Bullock ◽  
Mallory S. Faherty ◽  
Leila Ledbetter ◽  
Charles A. Thigpen ◽  
Timothy C. Sell
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Methodologic Quality ◽  
Arm Injuries

Objective Arm injuries in baseball players are a common problem. The identification of modifiable risk factors, including range of motion (ROM), is essential for injury prevention. The purpose of this review was to assess the methodologic quality and level of evidence in the literature and to investigate the relationship between shoulder ROM and the risk of arm injuries in baseball players. Data Sources Relevant studies in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and SPORTDiscus published from inception to August 1, 2017. Study Selection Only studies that encompassed healthy baseball cohorts who were assessed for shoulder ROM and prospectively evaluated for injuries throughout a baseball season or seasons were included. Data Extraction Six articles met the search criteria. Only 3 studies were included in the meta-analysis due to disparate participant groups. Data Synthesis The modified Downs and Black scale (0–15 points) was used to analyze methodologic quality. Study quality ranged from 11 to 14. Four studies received high-quality (≥12) and 2 studies received moderate-quality (≥10) scores. The overall pooled analysis demonstrated that absolute and internal-rotation deficits (–5.93 [95% confidence interval {CI} = –9.43, –2.43], P < .001 and 4.28 [0.71, 7.86], P = .02, respectively) and absolute total ROM (TROM; –6.19 [95% CI = –10.28, –2.10]; P = .003) were predictors of injury, and these data exhibited homogeneity (absolute IR P value = .77, I2 = 0%; IR deficit P value = .41, I2 = 0%; absolute TROM P value = .78, I2 = 0%). No significance was observed for absolute external rotation (–2.86 [95% CI = –6.56, 0.83], P = .13), which had data with high heterogeneity (P = .003; I2 = 83%). A deficit in horizontal adduction was a predictor of injury (–8.32 [95% CI = –12.08, –4.56]; P < .001); these data were homogeneous but yielded a moderate heterogenic effect (P = .16; I2 = 50%). Conclusions High-quality evidence demonstrated that deficits in throwing-arm TROM and IR were associated with upper extremity injury in baseball players. Heterogeneity across studies for horizontal adduction suggested that this may be a modifiable risk factor for injury, but it requires further research.

In Vivo Glenoid Track Width Can Be Better Predicted With the Use of Shoulder Horizontal Extension Angle

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 922-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Kawakami ◽  
Nobuyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Toshimitsu Etoh ◽  
Taku Hatta ◽  
Mitsuyoshi Mineta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Track Width ◽  
Glenoid Track ◽  
Shoulder Motion ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The glenoid track concept has been widely used to assess the risk of instability caused by a bipolar lesion. The mean glenoid track width is reported to be 83% of the glenoid width. However, this width seems to be affected by the range of motion of the shoulder. By clarifying the relationship between the range of shoulder motion and the glenoid track width, a more precise determination of the glenoid track width for each individual could be possible. Purpose: To determine the relationship between the glenoid track width and the range of motion of healthy volunteers. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging was taken in 41 shoulders of 21 healthy volunteers (mean age, 32 years) with the arm in maximum horizontal extension, with the arm kept in 90° of abduction and 90° of external rotation. Three-dimensional surface bone models of the glenoid and the humerus were created with image analysis software. The distance from the anterior rim of the glenoid to the medial margin of the footprint of the rotator cuff tendon was defined as the glenoid track width. Active and passive ranges of shoulder motion were measured in the supine and sitting positions. The correlations between the glenoid track width and the ranges of shoulder motion were investigated with Pearson correlation coefficients. Intra- and interobserver reliabilities based on the intraclass correlation coefficient were also analyzed to assess the reliability of the glenoid track measurement. Results: The intra- and interobserver reliabilities for the glenoid track measurement were excellent (0.988 and 0.988, respectively). Among all the measurements, the glenoid track width and the active range of motion in horizontal extension in the sitting position showed the greatest correlation coefficient ( r = −0.623, P < .0001). A correlation between the glenoid track width and this angle was expressed as Y = −0.49 X + 90, where X is the horizontal extension angle (degrees) and Y is the glenoid track width (percentage of glenoid width). Conclusion: The present data demonstrate that the greater the horizontal extension angle in abduction and external rotation, the smaller the glenoid track width. An individualized glenoid track width can be obtained by measuring the active horizontal extension angle with the arm in abduction and external rotation in the sitting position. Clinical Relevance: An individualized glenoid track width enables selection of a more precise surgical option by the on-track/off-track concept.

scholarly journals Superior training efficacy of beginning movement load training for the baseball throwers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Yi Chou ◽  
Jih-Yang Ko ◽  
Shu-Fang Chen ◽  
Chia-Feng Wu ◽  
Kuan-Ting Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Isometric Contraction ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Shoulder Motion ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Superior shoulder motion with rotator cuff activation are essential for the performance of the throwing athletes. The present study compared the novel beginning movement load training (BMLT) and popular throwers ten program regarding the training efficacy of baseball throwers. We hypothesized that the BMLT contributed the superior training efficacy than popular throwers ten program. Methods Forty adult baseball players were randomized into study group and control group equally. In study group, the cyclic shoulder motion was repeatedly operated 3 days in a week and lasted for 6 weeks using three different BMLT training machines. As for control group, three popular cyclic training in the throwers ten program were adopted for the shoulder trainings as the same protocol in study group. The evaluations before and after training included the static range of motion (ROM), the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVICs) of the target muscle (pectoralis major, middle deltoid and supraspinatus) and throwing velocity. Result After 6-week course, study group had significant wider static ROM in saggital adduction (p = 0.002), coronal internal rotation (p = 0.018) and external rotation (p = 0.044) than in control group. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) ratio of middle deltoid/supraspinatus was significant lower in study group (Study:Control = 1.14 ± 0.76:3.56 ± 5.57, p = 0.049) which indicated the enhanced supraspinatus maximal contraction in the study group after training. In addition, the study group had significant improvement in throwing speed (117 ± 10 vs. 109 ± 10 km/h, p = 0.040). Conclusion The BMLT contributed the superiority in range of motion, recruitment of supraspinatus and throwing velocity than the popular thrower’s ten program. It could be a favourable training for the overhead activity.

scholarly journals Differences in Passive Shoulder Range of Motion Between Baseball Players With Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome and Matched Healthy Controls

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 232596712110007
Author(s):  
J. Craig Garrison ◽  
Joseph P. Hannon ◽  
John E. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome ◽  
Shoulder Range

Background: Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) is becoming more recognized as a diagnosis in the throwing athlete. Currently, there is limited information on the clinical presentation and development of nTOS in baseball players. Purpose: To compare passive shoulder range of motion (ROM) and anatomic humeral retrotorsion (HRT) of baseball players diagnosed with nTOS with a group of healthy, matched controls. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 53 adolescent baseball players diagnosed with nTOS (age, 17.2 ± 2.3 years; height, 180.9 ± 10.1 cm; weight, 80.0 ± 13.3 kg) were compared with 53 healthy baseball players (age, 17.2 ± 2.4 years; height, 183.9 ± 9.0 cm; weight, 83.8 ± 11.5 kg). Participants were measured for shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) ROM and HRT. All measurements were taken bilaterally, and the differences (throwing to nonthrowing arm) were used to calculate mean values for glenohumeral internal rotation difference, glenohumeral external rotation difference (GERD), total rotational motion difference (TRMdiff), and anatomic humeral retrotorsion difference. Group comparisons were made between the nTOS and control players using multivariate analysis of variance, and descriptive comparisons were made with independent t tests. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in age, height, weight, or years of experience. Players in the nTOS group had significantly less throwing arm ER compared with controls (103.4° ± 10.4° vs 109.6° ± 7.5°, respectively; P = .001) and GERD (3.0° ± 9.2° vs 8.8° ± 9.2°, respectively; P = .002). TRMdiff was significantly greater in nTOS (–11.1° ± 11.1°) than in controls (–3.7° ± 9.4°) ( P < .001). Conclusion: In the current study, adolescent baseball players diagnosed with nTOS were evaluated with shoulder ROM differences when compared with a matched healthy cohort. A loss of throwing arm ER appeared to be the main factor behind shoulder ROM changes in the nTOS group.

Supraspinatus Tendon Changes and Glenohumeral Range of Motion in College Baseball Players

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomonobu Ishigaki ◽  
Motoki Hirokawa ◽  
Yuya Ezawa ◽  
Masanori Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Supraspinatus Tendon ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Collegiate Baseball ◽  
Tendon Thickness ◽  
College Baseball

AbstractBaseball players commonly show altered glenohumeral range of motion during internal rotation, external rotation, total rotation, and horizontal adduction. These altered ranges of motion appear to be associated with throwing shoulder injuries, which frequently involve the supraspinatus tendons; thus, we aimed to examine the relationship between altered glenohumeral range of motion and supraspinatus tendon changes in collegiate baseball players. To investigate this association using the Pearson correlation coefficient, we measured glenohumeral internal rotation, external rotation, total rotation, and horizontal adduction ranges of motion and supraspinatus tendon thickness in 22 college baseball players. Consequently, there was a significant relationship between increase in supraspinatus tendon thickness and greater deficit of internal rotation (r=–0.520, P=0.013). Increased supraspinatus tendon thickness tended to be associated with greater external rotation gain (r=0.394, P=0.073). No other range of motion had any relationship with supraspinatus tendon changes. These results might indicate that restricted glenohumeral internal rotation and excessive gain in external rotation increase the risk of supraspinatus tendon abnormalities in baseball players.

scholarly journals Superior Training Efficacy of Beginning Movement Load Training for the Baseball Throwers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Yi Chou ◽  
Jih-Yang Ko ◽  
Shu-Fang Chen ◽  
Chia-Feng Wu ◽  
Kuan-Ting Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Isometric Contraction ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Shoulder Motion ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background : Superior shoulder motion with rotator cuff activation are essential for the performance of the throwing athletes. The present study compared the novel beginning movement load training (BMLT) and popular throwers ten program regarding the training efficacy of baseball throwers. We hypothesized that the BMLT contributed the superior training efficacy than popular throwers ten program. Methods : Forty adult baseball players were randomized into study group and control group equally. In study group, the cyclic shoulder motion was repeatedly operated 3 days in a week and lasted for 6 weeks using three different BMLT training machines. As for control group, three popular cyclic training in the throwers ten program were adopted for the shoulder trainings as the same protocol in study group. The evaluations before and after training included the static range of motion (ROM), the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVICs) of the target muscle (pectoralis major, middle deltoid and supraspinatus) and throwing velocity. Result : After 6-week course, study group had significant wider static ROM in saggital adduction (p=0.034), coronal internal rotation (p=0.038) and external rotation (p=0.04) than in control group. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) ratio of middle deltoid/supraspinatus was significant lower in study group (Study : Control = 1.14±0.76 : 3.56 ±5.57, p = 0.044) which indicated the enhanced supraspinatus maximal contraction in the study group after training. In addition, the study group had significant improvement in throwing speed (117±10 vs 109±10 Km/hr, p=0.031). Conclusion : The BMLT contributed the superiority in range of motion, recruitment of supraspinatus and throwing velocity than the popular thrower`s ten program. It could be a favourable training for the overhead activity.

scholarly journals Shoulder Strength and Range of Motion in Healthy Collegiate Softball Players

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Biaggi ◽  
Brooke Farmer ◽  
Matthew Hobson ◽  
Curtis Self ◽  
Terry L. Grindstaff
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion

Abstract Context: Shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength are key injury evaluation components for overhead athletes. Most normative values are derived from male baseball players with limited information specific to female softball players. Objective: To determine between-limb differences in shoulder ROM and strength in healthy collegiate softball players. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: University research laboratory and collegiate athletic training room Participants: Twenty-three healthy collegiate softball players (age=19.9 ± 1.2y; height=170.5 ± 4.3cm; mass=78.4 ± 11.3kg). Interventions: Outcome measures included shoulder ROM (internal [IR] and external rotation [ER]), isometric strength (IR, ER, flexion, abduction [135 degrees], and horizontal abduction), and a measure of dynamic strength (Upper Quarter Y Balance Test [UQYBT]). Main Outcome Measures: Paired sample t-tests were used to determine between limb differences for each outcome measure. Results: Participants had significantly more ER ROM (12° more) and significantly less IR ROM (12° less) on the dominant arm, relative to the non-dominant arm. There were no significant differences between limbs for any of the isometric strength measures or for the UQYBT reach directions. Conclusions: While female collegiate softball players demonstrated typical changes in ER and IR ROM in the dominant arm, they demonstrated relatively symmetrical performance across strength measures, which contrasts with previous studies using male baseball players.

scholarly journals The Acute Effects of Sleeper Stretches on Shoulder Range of Motion

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin G. Laudner ◽  
Robert C. Sipes ◽  
James T. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Posterior Shoulder ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Shoulder Motion ◽  
Posterior Shoulder Tightness ◽  
Shoulder Range

Abstract Context: The deceleration phase of the throwing motion creates large distraction forces at the shoulder, which may result in posterior shoulder tightness and ensuing alterations in shoulder range of motion (ROM) and may result in an increased risk of shoulder injury. Researchers have hypothesized that various stretching options increase this motion, but few data on the effectiveness of treating such tightness are available. Objective: To evaluate the acute effects of “sleeper stretches” on shoulder ROM. Design: Descriptive with repeated measures. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory and 2 separate collegiate athletic training facilities. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-three National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I baseball players (15 pitchers, 18 position players; age  =  19.8 ± 1.3 years, height  =  184.7 ± 6.4 cm, mass  =  84.8 ± 7.7 kg) and 33 physically active male college students (age  =  20.1 ± 0.6 years, height  =  179.6 ± 6.6 cm, mass  =  83.4 ± 11.3 kg) who reported no recent participation (within 5 years) in overhead athletic activities. Intervention(s): Range-of-motion measurements of the dominant shoulder were assessed before and after completion of 3 sets of 30-second passive sleeper stretches among the baseball players. The ROM measurements in the nonthrower group were taken using identical methods as those in the baseball group, but this group did not perform any stretch or movement between measurements. Main Outcome Measure(s): Internal and external glenohumeral rotation ROM and posterior shoulder motion (glenohumeral horizontal adduction). Results: In the baseball group, posterior shoulder tightness, internal rotation ROM, and external rotation ROM were −3.5° ± 7.7°, 43.8° ± 9.5°, and 118.6° ± 10.9°, respectively, before the stretches and were −1.2° ± 8.8°, 46.9° ± 9.8°, and 119.2° ± 11.0°, respectively, after the stretches. These data revealed increases in posterior shoulder motion (P  =  .01, effect size  =  0.30) and in internal shoulder rotation (P  =  .003, effect size  =  0.32) after application of the stretches. No other differences were observed in the baseball group, and no differences were noted in the nonthrower group. Conclusions: Based on our results, the sleeper stretches produced a statistically significant acute increase in posterior shoulder flexibility. However, this change in motion may not be clinically significant.

Effectiveness of arthroscopic management of idiopathic shoulder stiffness: A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ya-Dong Wang ◽  
Yu-Xiang Ming ◽  
Yong-Hua Pang ◽  
Wei-Nan Chen ◽  
Xu-Hua Zong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Shoulder Stiffness ◽  
Capsular Release ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Arthroscopic Capsular Release ◽  
Shoulder Range

BACKGROUND: Persisting shoulder stiffness adversely affects quality of life by causing pain and motion restrictions especially in patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of arthroscopic capsular release in patients with idiopathic shoulder stiffness. METHOD: A literature search was conducted in electronic databases and studies were selected by following precise eligibility criteria. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to estimate the changes at latest follow-up in scores of the Constant, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and University of California at Los Angelis (UCLA) scales, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and shoulder range of motion. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included. The follow-up duration was 42 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 32, 51]. Improvements in scores of the Constant, ASES, UCLA scales, and VAS were 48.3 [95% CI: 38.0, 58.6], 44.6 [95% CI: 24.6, 64.6], 19.3 [95% CI: 16.6, 22.0], and -6.1 [95% CI: -6.9, -5.4] respectively (P< 0.05 all). Improvements in the shoulder range of motion were: abduction 82.0 [95% CI: 65.0, 98.9]; forward flexion 75.9 [95% CI: 59.7, 92.1]; external rotation 43.2 [95% CI: 37.5, 49.0]; and internal rotation 25.4 [95% CI: 15.2, 35.5] degrees; P< 0.05 all). CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic capsular release effectively improves shoulder function in patients with idiopathic shoulder stiffness.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document