scholarly journals The Precariat Class Structure and Income Inequality among US Workers: 1980–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-469
Author(s):  
Joshua Greenstein
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Us ◽  
Part Time ◽  
And Gender

I apply the precariat class schema developed by Standing to the US workforce to illustrate an increased polarization between those who do and do not have quality jobs from 1980 to 2018. I use a decomposition of inequality to show that the precariat class structure explains a substantial and growing portion of income inequality. The precariat is typified by unstable, short-term, part-time, and benefit-free jobs. I find that that the precariat make up a large and growing share of the US workforce, while the “old” working class shrank precipitously. I also show that the demographics of the precariat and the old working class are substantially different in terms of race and gender.

Race, Class, and Labor: White Skin Privilege and Oppression

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Harris
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
White Skin ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article examines the relationship of race and class using the lens of working-class experiences inside the US steel and auto industries. It focuses on the applicability of white skin privilege to the conditions of labor, and introduces the concept of comparative forms of oppression. Additionally, it considerations white skin privilege from the perspective of human rights, and ends with detailed statistical information and consideration of race and gender in relationship to various job categories.

scholarly journals Tax Progressivity of Personal Wages and Income Inequality

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Papanikolaou
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Kakwani Index ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Wage Income

The paper examines tax progressivity and income inequality using Census Bureau Current Population Survey (CPS) personal income data. The Kakwani index is used to derive tax progressivity for All, Male, Female, White and African American personal wage income of CPS respondents, respectively. The tax progressivity results show a tax system that is partly progressive and mostly regressive. Due to its regressive nature, the tax system did not display tax progressivity for the entire period under analysis for personal wage income respondents as well as when broken-down by race and gender in the United States for years 1996 to 2011.

Estimating the Prevalence of Juvenile Custody by Race and Gender

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. DeComo
Keyword(s):  
Social Indicator ◽  
Short Term ◽  
State Custody ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
And Gender

This research introduces a new social indicator of the long-term probability that juveniles will be taken into state custody. Estimates of the prevalence of state custody are presented for age, sex, and race subgroups for 36 states. Subgroup comparisons of prevalence estimates reveal dramatically higher rates for minorities. Comparisons of long-term and short-term prevalence estimates are also presented.

Inclusion and Exclusion in Hiring

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-85
Author(s):  
David S. Pedulla
Keyword(s):  
Full Time ◽  
Employment History ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Employment Skills ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Employment Experience ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Time Standard ◽  
Part Time Work

This chapter delves into the effects of each type of employment experience—part-time work, temporary agency employment, skills underutilization, and long-term unemployment. These are compared to full-time, standard employment on applicants' likelihood of receiving a callback for a job. As the chapter shows, the effects are largely contingent. First, they are contingent on the type of employment history. Each type of employment experience—part-time work versus temporary agency employment, for instance—does not result in the same treatment from hiring professionals. Second, the consequences of a particular employment experience are contingent on the race and gender of the worker. Indeed, it is difficult to isolate the effect of a given employment history from the way it is refracted through a worker's social group membership.

The Unspeakable Speculative, Spoken

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-574
Author(s):  
Rebecca Wanzo
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
African American Literature ◽  
Popular Fiction ◽  
Literary Canon ◽  
Black Feminist ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Racial Representations ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Paradigm Shifting

Abstract Exploring various absences—what is or should not be represented in addition to the unspeakable in terms of racial representations—is the through line of three recent books about race and speculative fictions. Mark C. Jerng’s Racial Worldmaking: The Power of Popular Fiction (2018) argues racial worldmaking has been at the center of speculative fictions in the US. In Posthuman Blackness and the Black Female Imagination (2017), Kristen Lillvis takes one of the primary thematic concerns of black speculative fictions—the posthuman—and rereads some of the most canonical works in the black feminist literary canon through that lens. Lillvis addresses a traditional problem in the turn to discussions of the posthuman and nonhuman, namely, what does it mean to rethink black people’s humanity when they have traditionally been categorized as nonhuman? Sami Schalk’s Bodyminds Reimagined: (Dis)ability, Race, and Gender in Black Women’s Speculative Fiction (2018) speaks to the absence of a framework of disability in African American literature and cultural criticism. In addressing absence—or, perhaps silence—Schalk offers the most paradigm-shifting challenge to what is speakable and unspeakable: the problem of linking blackness with disability and how to reframe our treatment of these categories.

scholarly journals What’s Worth Knowing? Research and Instructional Impacts of Books on Working-Class Academics

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-88
Author(s):  
Jim Vander Putten
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Research Impact ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Personal Essays ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Research Impacts

What are the research impacts and instructional impacts of books of essays on the perspectives of faculty from working-class backgrounds? To what extent are these books used in undergraduate or graduate courses? Previous research on the content of these edited volumes has been limited to manual constant comparative analyses that described book content. This study employed data analysis methods in the emerging field of altmetric sciences to investigate the impacts of books of personal essays about faculty from working-class backgrounds (N=11). Book-level and chapter-level analyses were conducted to measure research impact using the Altmetric Explorer online tool and instructional impact using the Open Syllabus Project Explorer online tool. Data analysis results on research impacts for books on working-class academics produced extremely low impact levels. Few books (N=4) generated patterns of attention and these patterns were limited in scope. Data analysis results on instructional impacts identified that each of the 11 books generated a Teaching Score, but all scores were minimal and indicated low impact levels. The results suggest that scholarship on faculty from working-class social origins is not being widely included in undergraduate or graduate course syllabi. Further, a large proportion of the book-level scholarship in the subject area of ‘faculty diversity’ has been limited to the constructs of race and gender. Issues involving faculty social origins have been largely omitted from curricula in this area and raises the important question: What is worth knowing?

Disability, Race, and Gender on the Stage in Antebellum America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenifer L. Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Antebellum America ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Freak Shows ◽  
Blackface Minstrelsy ◽  
White Working Class ◽  
And Gender

Antebellum Americans confronted anxieties about many issues, such as industrialization, immigration, and urbanization, that found expression in blackface minstrelsy and freak shows. In these performances, racial fears, gender worries, and the insecurities of an emergent working class combined with the specter of disability to assuage the concerns of white, working-class audiences partly by reinforcing whiteness, masculinity, and nondisability as markers of citizenship. From the “laughable limp” of an elderly, enslaved groom who inspired Thomas “Daddy” Rice to craft his infamous Jim Crow character to displays of the supposedly 161-year-old disabled body of Joice Heth, minstrelsy and freak shows routinely conflated race, gender, and disability on the antebellum stage. This practice reached its pinnacle with Thomas “Japanese Tommy” Dilward, one of only two black men to perform in blackface before the Civil War.

Inequality

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Moller ◽  
Joya Misra
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The U.S

Social policy plays a central role in redistributing resources to ensure greater equality or at least increased opportunities for members of disadvantaged groups. This essay considers how the U.S. welfare state redistributes incomes through social policies, while reinforcing other forms of stratification. The essay begins by comparing inequality in the United States to other advanced industrialized countries, and shows that the level of income inequality is higher in the United States than in most of these nations. It then presents data on inequality in the United States by race and gender. Finally, it discusses how specific policies alter levels of inequality by redistributing income or institutionalizing sources of income inequality. In general, U.S. social policies help to reduce inequality, but they have limited effectiveness, particularly in comparison to other advanced industrialized countries, in reducing inequality by race, class, gender, and family structure.

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