Misery Loves Company: Poverty, Mobility, and Higher Education in the Post-welfare State

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-294
Author(s):  
Susan E. Mannon
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Safety Nets ◽  
College Attainment ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Contemporary United States ◽  
Social Safety Nets ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

In this paper, I examine the relationship between poverty, mobility, and higher education in the contemporary United States. In contrast to quantitative analyses, which have found robust and positive outcomes associated with college attainment, I use ethnographic methods to tell a more complicated story about what college offers the poor. This story centers on a low-income woman of color named Angelica. Angelica’s story of drug-addict-turned college graduate suggests that college might be just as much a regulatory institution as a poverty solution. To this extent, it critically assesses my role as Angelica’s former professor, professional mentor, and life narrator. The article situates the expansion of higher education and Angelica’s pathway into college in late twentieth-century efforts to reform the welfare system and reduce state-sponsored social safety nets. It concludes by suggesting that college is no lifeline but a mechanism by which Angelica and others are brought into the fold of a “respectable” but often miserable middle-class life.

Private Benefit, Public Finance?

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-76
Author(s):  
William Whyte
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
British Society ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Student Finance ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter explores the way in which developments in the apparently rather narrow field of undergraduate finance tell us something about perceptions of the university in the late twentieth century and, more importantly, about how debates over higher education illuminate wider attitudes to the relationship between the individual, the state, and civil society. It also uses these debates—and the legislation they inspired—to discuss the difficulties the state and other actors faced in dealing with higher education in an era characterized by anxieties about Britain’s perceived decline, and about inequities in British society. The tangled and tortured development of student finance in the last four decades of the twentieth century illustrates the value of Jose Harris’s approach, whilst also enabling historians to trace the longer-lasting legacy of idealist thought.

URBAN DISPLACEMENT AND LOW-INCOME COMMUNITIES: THE CASE OF THE AMERICAN CITY FROM THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Knight ◽  
Mohammad Gharipour
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Cultural Connections ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

How can urban redevelopment benefit existing low-income communities? The history of urban redevelopment is one of disruption of poor communities. Renewal historically offered benefits to the place while pushing out the people. In some cases, displacement is intentional, in others it is unintentional. Often, it is the byproduct of the quest for profits. Regardless of motives, traditional communities, defined by cultural connections, are often disrupted. Disadvantaged neighborhoods include vacant units, which diminish the community and hold back investment. In the postwar period, American cities entered into a program of urban renewal. While this program cleared blight, it also drove displacement among the cities’ poorest and was particularly hard on minority populations clustered in downtown slums. The consequences of these decisions continue to play out today. Concentration of poverty is increasing and American cities are becoming more segregated. As neighborhoods improve, poorer residents are uprooted and forced into even more distressed conditions, elsewhere. This paper examines the history of events impacting urban communities. It further reviews the successes and failures of efforts to benefit low-income communities.

The Afterlife of Art and Objects

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Tweedie
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Still Life ◽  
Art Cinema ◽  
Spanish Baroque ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Moving Pictures ◽  
Tableau Vivant ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Like the tableau vivant, the cinematic still life experienced a stunning revival and reinvention in the late twentieth century. In contrast to the stereotypically postmodern overload of images, the still life in film initiates a moment of repose and contemplation within a medium more often defined by the forward rush of moving pictures. It also involves a profound meditation on the relationship between images and objects consistent with practices as diverse as the Spanish baroque still life and the Surrealist variation on the genre. With the work of Terence Davies and Alain Cavalier’s Thérèse (1986) as its primary touchstones, this chapter situates this renewed interest in the cinematic still life within the context of both the late twentieth-century cinema of painters and a socially oriented art cinema that focuses on marginal people and overlooked objects rather than the hegemonic historical narratives also undergoing a revival at the time.

A Reading of Westcott's Gospel of Creation: An Early Venture into Ecological Theology?

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-202
Author(s):  
Duncan Reid
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Ecological Theology ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Science And Theology ◽  
Doctrine Of Creation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

AbstractIn response to the contemporary ecological movement, ecological perspectives have become a significant theme in the theology of creation. This paper asks whether antecedents to this growing significance might predate the concerns of our times and be discernible within the diverse interests of nineteenth-century Anglican thinking. The means used here to examine this possibility is a close reading of B. F. Westcott's ‘Gospel of Creation’. This will be contextualized in two directions: first with reference to the understanding of the natural world in nineteenth-century English popular thought, and secondly with reference to the approach taken to the doctrine of creation by three late twentieth-century Anglican writers, two concerned with the relationship between science and theology in general, and a third concerned more specifically with ecology.

scholarly journals Human Trafficking and Displacement in South Asia: An Econometric Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Tanjina Rahman ◽  
Md Israt Rayhan ◽  
Nayeem Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Safety Nets ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Internally Displaced Person ◽  
Social Safety Nets ◽  
The Relationship

Human trafficking has received increased media and national attention. Despite concerted efforts to combat human trafficking, the trade in persons persists and in fact continues to grow. This paper describes the relationship and distinction between trafficking and ethnic fragmentation, conflict, internally displaced person by different measures of control. To explain the relationship between these factors, this study uses a Probit regression model. It appears that ethnic conflict leads the internal displacement of individuals from networks of family and community, and their access to economic and social safety nets. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 65(1): 73-76, 2017 (January)

scholarly journals Family Capital, Learning Engagement, and Students’ Higher Education Gains: An Empirical Study in Mainland China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11571
Author(s):  
Shutao Wang ◽  
Cui Huang
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Learning Engagement ◽  
Family Capital ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed to determine whether learning engagement plays a mediating effect on the relationship between family capital and students’ higher education gains in mainland China. We used family capital, learning engagement, and higher education gains as measures and analyzed data using a structural equation model. Data were collected from 1334 students at a Chinese university. The results show that family cultural capital had the most significant effect on students’ learning engagement, while economic capital also played a positive role, and social capital had no significant impact. Learning engagement played a mediating role in the relationship between cultural capital and higher education gains, as did the relationship between economic capital and higher education gains. However, learning engagement did not have a mediating effect on the relationship between social capital and higher education gains. Our results show that we should focus on the importance of students’ learning engagement, improve the cultural capital of disadvantaged groups, and provide financial support for students from low-income families.

Organized Labor and the Problem of “Smokers’ Rights”

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Wood
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
National Labor Relations Board ◽  
Smoking Restrictions ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Roll Back

This chapter examines the relationship of the labor movement to the decline of smokers' work cultures from the 1970s to the 1990s. As newspaper articles, letters to lobbyists, and published National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) decisions illustrate, the demise of smoking at work often intersected with the efforts of many employers to roll back the power of organized labor. Employers sometimes used no-smoking rules to discipline workers, committeemen, and union organizers for unwanted efforts to shape managerial policy making. Unions often fought for working-class smokers and their vanishing privileges, as the increasing marginalization of smoking and smokers seemed to portend the overall demise of labor's power in the late twentieth century. The NLRB discovered in numerous cases brought by workers and unions that employers tried to sidestep collective bargaining by abruptly creating new no-smoking rules and using smoking restrictions to harass union supporters.

People and the contemporary environment

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Eden
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Ecological Science ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Geographical approaches to human-environment relations have been diverse and dynamic over the last century. They have also been heavily influenced not only by academic disciplines outside geography but by popular and policy concerns outside academia. From an initial flurry of activity about how the environment influences society in the early part of the century, British geography then took a detour to other topics even as other disciplines discovered the environment as a topic of interest. This left geographers playing ‘catch-up’ in the late twentieth century, as the discipline sought to reoccupy the ground previously abandoned. This is not over yet: in the 1990s, research into ‘the environment’ and ‘nature’ was scattered across academia. This chapter examines the relationship between humans and the contemporary environment, focusing on environmental protection, environmental management and ecological science, environmental policy and management, environmentalism, and environment and history.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Feeding Styles and BMI Z-score in Infants (P11-014-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrik Khalsa ◽  
Kristen Copeland ◽  
Roohi Kharofa ◽  
Sheela Geraghty ◽  
Thomas DeWitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Feeding Styles ◽  
Feeding Style ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between infant feeding styles (the attitudes and behaviors parents use to direct their child's eating) and infant BMI z-score in a low-income, predominately non-Hispanic Black population. Methods Parent-infant dyads were recruited during the infant's 6, 9, or 12 month well-child visits from two urban primary care clinics that primarily serve a Medicaid population (89%). Feeding styles were measured using the Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire (IFSQ) and categorized into: pressuring, restrictive, responsive, or laissez-faire. Predominant feeding style was defined by selecting the style with the greatest deviation from the mean score of each style. Infant anthropometrics were extracted from the electronic medical record from birth through 18 months. Infant BMI z-scores were calculated based on WHO growth charts. Associations between feeding styles and BMI z-scores were examined using mixed models controlling for multiple measures per person, demographics and feeding covariates. Results Data from 198 dyads were analyzed for this study (Table 1). Parents identified as mothers (n = 196), non-Hispanic Black (n = 136), with a median age of 27 years (IQR 23.0 – 30.0). Half the infants were male (n = 99) with a median age at enrollment of 8.98 months [IQR 6.8-10.3]. Parent's predominant feeding style were (in descending order): Laissez-faire: 30%; Restrictive: 28%; Responsive: 23%; and Pressuring: 19%. Predominant feeding style at enrollment was not associated with BMI z-score between 0–18 months, but there was a significant sex differences in BMI z-score for the Laissez-faire and Restrictive feeding styles (Figure 1). Additionally, parents with higher education and a predominately Restrictive feeding style had children with higher BMI z-scores whereas parents with higher education and a Laissez-faire or Pressuring feeding style had children with lower BMI z-score (Figure 2). Conclusions Parent's predominant feeding style during infancy in a low-income population is not associated with infant's BMI in the first two years of life, but some styles demonstrate differences by sex or parental education. Further studies are needed to better understand the modifiable factors for increased BMI in the first 2 years. Funding Sources NIH T32 Institutional grant. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Training, recovery and adaptation

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken van Someren ◽  
Glyn Howatson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
General Adaptation ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Training Stress ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Organized physical training in the pursuit of sporting excellence is not a recent phenomenon. Reports of structured athletic training programmes date back to the ancient Greeks, when they were used for both military and Olympic preparation. Despite an extensive history, it was not until the mid to late twentieth century that what is now considered a scientific approach to training theory developed. The description of the General Adaptation Syndrome by Dr Hans Selye in 1956, which examined the relationship between training stress and adaptation, and the work of Metveyev, Harre, and others in the 1970s and 1980s developed the foundation of training theory and its application to athletic training programmes....

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