The Relationship Between Feeding Styles and BMI Z-score in Infants (P11-014-19)

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between infant feeding styles (the attitudes and behaviors parents use to direct their child's eating) and infant BMI z-score in a low-income, predominately non-Hispanic Black population. Methods Parent-infant dyads were recruited during the infant's 6, 9, or 12 month well-child visits from two urban primary care clinics that primarily serve a Medicaid population (89%). Feeding styles were measured using the Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire (IFSQ) and categorized into: pressuring, restrictive, responsive, or laissez-faire. Predominant feeding style was defined by selecting the style with the greatest deviation from the mean score of each style. Infant anthropometrics were extracted from the electronic medical record from birth through 18 months. Infant BMI z-scores were calculated based on WHO growth charts. Associations between feeding styles and BMI z-scores were examined using mixed models controlling for multiple measures per person, demographics and feeding covariates. Results Data from 198 dyads were analyzed for this study (Table 1). Parents identified as mothers (n = 196), non-Hispanic Black (n = 136), with a median age of 27 years (IQR 23.0 – 30.0). Half the infants were male (n = 99) with a median age at enrollment of 8.98 months [IQR 6.8-10.3]. Parent's predominant feeding style were (in descending order): Laissez-faire: 30%; Restrictive: 28%; Responsive: 23%; and Pressuring: 19%. Predominant feeding style at enrollment was not associated with BMI z-score between 0–18 months, but there was a significant sex differences in BMI z-score for the Laissez-faire and Restrictive feeding styles (Figure 1). Additionally, parents with higher education and a predominately Restrictive feeding style had children with higher BMI z-scores whereas parents with higher education and a Laissez-faire or Pressuring feeding style had children with lower BMI z-score (Figure 2). Conclusions Parent's predominant feeding style during infancy in a low-income population is not associated with infant's BMI in the first two years of life, but some styles demonstrate differences by sex or parental education. Further studies are needed to better understand the modifiable factors for increased BMI in the first 2 years. Funding Sources NIH T32 Institutional grant. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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Associations Between Maternal Feeding Styles and Infant Intake of a Lipid Nutrient Supplement

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_115 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1043-1043

Author(s):

Allyson Montalvo ◽

Kathryn Davis ◽

Abigail Flesher ◽

Kameron Moding ◽

Allison Shapiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infant Feeding ◽

Self Report ◽

Global Alliance ◽

Feeding Styles ◽

Feeding Style ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Nutrient Supplement ◽

And Behaviors ◽

Laissez Faire

Abstract Objectives Caregiver feeding styles differ in their responsivity and thereby shape children's early feeding experiences. Laissez-faire feeding beliefs and practices are less engaged than the responsive feeding style. This study aimed to examine how the mothers’ infant feeding beliefs and behaviors are associated with infant/toddler consumption of a lipid nutrient supplement (LNS). Methods Mothers (n = 56) and children (7–11.30 mo infants, n = 16; and 12–24 mo toddlers, n = 40; toddlers) participated in a randomized, 2-week home exposure study and 2 laboratory visits ([V1] & [V2]). At both laboratory visits, mothers offered LNS until the parent determined the child was finished. Total intake (g) at V1 and V2 was measured. In the 2-week period between V1 and V2, mothers were given 10 samples of LNS to offer to their child and intake at each home feeding. Mothers also completed the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire (IFSQ), a self-report instrument designed to measure maternal feeding beliefs and behaviors. Spearman's correlations and independent-samples t-tests were conducted to relate mothers’ feeding beliefs and behaviors to the children's intake at V1, V2, and during home feeding. Follow up comparisons of infant and toddler associations were performed with Fisher's z statistic. Significance was defined as P < 0.05. Results Fifty-five dyads (98%) completed V1, V2 and home feeding protocols. Higher caregiver Laissez-Faire (LF) belief scores were negatively associated with child LNS consumption for infants at V1 (r = −0.544, P = 0.031) but not for toddlers (r = −0.031, P = 0.847; Fisher's z = −1.795, P = 0.036). Likewise, associations between LF behaviors and infant LNS intake at both V1 and V2 were significant (r V1 = −0.616, P = 0.011, r V2 = −0.522, P = 0.046) but not for toddlers (rV1 = 0.16, P = 0.920, Fisher's z V1 = −2.28, P = 0.011; r V2 = −0.191, P = 0.237, Fisher's z V2 = −2.40, P = 0.008). Conclusions The LF feeding style may play an important role for infant LNS consumption. Feeding styles that are less responsive and reflect lower caregiver interaction during feeding, may be less effective in promoting children's opportunity to engage with new foods and may not facilitate their ability to learn to like LNS. Funding Sources Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition.

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Maternal Controlling Feeding Styles During Early Infancy

Clinical Pediatrics ◽

10.1177/0009922811414287 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 50 (12) ◽

pp. 1125-1133 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Rachel S. Gross ◽

Alan L. Mendelsohn ◽

Arthur H. Fierman ◽

Mary Jo Messito

Keyword(s):

Infant Feeding ◽

Obesity Prevention ◽

Prevention Strategies ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Feeding Styles ◽

Feeding Style ◽

Maternal Perception ◽

The Future ◽

The Relationship

This study sought to determine the relationship between maternal controlling feeding styles and maternal perception of their infant’s ability to regulate feeding and infant weight. A cross-sectional survey of 208 mothers with infants between 2 weeks and 6 months old was performed in a private pediatric office. The authors assessed the relationship between restrictive and pressuring feeding styles with ( a) maternal perception of the infant’s ability to regulate feeding and ( b) infant weight (both actual and perceived). Restrictive feeding style was associated with the perception that infants could not recognize their own hunger or satiety and with concern that the infant would become overweight in the future. Pressuring feeding style was associated with the perception that the baby’s appetite is less than other babies and with concern that the infant would become underweight in the future. Maternal perceptions of infant feeding and weight should be incorporated into early obesity prevention strategies.

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Food Insecurity and Obesogenic Maternal Infant Feeding Styles and Practices in Low-Income Families

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.2011-3588d ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 130 (2) ◽

pp. X9-X9

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Low Income ◽

Feeding Styles ◽

Low Income Families

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Sleep and BMI in South African urban and rural, high and low-income preschool children

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10591-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dale E. Rae ◽

Simone A. Tomaz ◽

Rachel A. Jones ◽

Trina Hinkley ◽

Rhian Twine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Preschool Children ◽

South African ◽

Low Income ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Z Score ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Sleep Parameters ◽

Z Scores

Abstract Background The extent to which income setting or rural and urban environments modify the association between sleep and obesity in young children is unclear. The aims of this cross-sectional observational study were to (i) describe and compare sleep in South African preschool children from rural low-income (RL), urban low-income (UL) and urban high-income (UH) settings; and (ii) test for associations between sleep parameters and body mass index (BMI). Methods Participants were preschoolers (5.2 ± 0.7y, 49.5% boys) from RL (n = 111), UL (n = 65) and UH (n = 22) settings. Height and weight were measured. Sleep, sedentary behaviour and physical activity were assessed using accelerometery. Results UL children had higher BMI z-scores (median: 0.39; interquartile range: − 0.27, 0.99) than the UH (− 0.38; − 0.88, 0.11) and RL (− 0.08; − 0.83, 0.53) children (p = 0.001). The UL children had later bedtimes (p < 0.001) and wake-up times (p < 0.001) and shorter 24 h (p < 0.001) and nocturnal (p < 0.001) sleep durations than the RL and UH children. After adjusting for age, sex, setting, SB and PA, for every hour less sleep obtained (24 h and nocturnal), children were 2.28 (95% CI: 1.28–4.35) and 2.22 (95% CI: 1.27–3.85) more likely, respectively, to belong to a higher BMI z-score quartile. Conclusions Shorter sleep is associated with a higher BMI z-score in South African preschoolers, despite high levels of PA, with UL children appearing to be particularly vulnerable.

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Family Capital, Learning Engagement, and Students’ Higher Education Gains: An Empirical Study in Mainland China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182111571 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (21) ◽

pp. 11571

Author(s):

Shutao Wang ◽

Cui Huang

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Social Capital ◽

Cultural Capital ◽

Low Income ◽

Mainland China ◽

Economic Capital ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Learning Engagement ◽

Family Capital ◽

The Relationship

This study aimed to determine whether learning engagement plays a mediating effect on the relationship between family capital and students’ higher education gains in mainland China. We used family capital, learning engagement, and higher education gains as measures and analyzed data using a structural equation model. Data were collected from 1334 students at a Chinese university. The results show that family cultural capital had the most significant effect on students’ learning engagement, while economic capital also played a positive role, and social capital had no significant impact. Learning engagement played a mediating role in the relationship between cultural capital and higher education gains, as did the relationship between economic capital and higher education gains. However, learning engagement did not have a mediating effect on the relationship between social capital and higher education gains. Our results show that we should focus on the importance of students’ learning engagement, improve the cultural capital of disadvantaged groups, and provide financial support for students from low-income families.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTAL AND CHILDREN'S SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE) AND ASTHMA

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.98.2.329a ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

pp. 329-329

Author(s):

Stanley P. Galant

Keyword(s):

Bronchial Asthma ◽

Immunoglobulin E ◽

Skin Tests ◽

Z Score ◽

Significant Determinant ◽

Positive Skin ◽

Asthmatic Children ◽

Children With Asthma ◽

Z Scores ◽

The Relationship

Purpose of the Study. To examine parental factors that influence bronchial asthma and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in their children. Methods. The data in this study were derived from the Tucson Epidemiological Study of Airways Obstructive Diseases since 1972. Eleven evaluation periods have been performed since that time. Asthma histories were established by questionnaire. IgE levels were obtained in 738 children, 1043 fathers, and 1261 mothers. IgE levels were determined by paper radioimmunosorbent (PRIST) technique. IgE Z scores were established. An IgE Z score is the number of standard deviations IgE differs from matched age and sex-matched subjects and log corrected. Skin tests were performed by prick technique to house dust, mold, grass, tree and weed mix and appropriate controls. Results. The percentage of children with bronchial asthma increased with the presence of asthma in parents so that 11.5% of children with asthma occurred in families with no parental asthma compared with 48.6% when both parents had asthma. The rate of childhood bronchial asthma was significantly related to parental IgE levels only when the mother and father had bronchial asthma (43% vs 20%) and much less so (22% vs 10%), when there was no parental asthma. In addition, asthma in the child proved to be a highly significant determinant of the child's IgE Z score, even after correcting for parental IgE Z score. The presence of atopy (ie, positive skin tests) was also not a significant determinant of IgE levels in asthmatic children. Discussion. The authors conclude that the inheritance of IgE is only one factor related to the development of asthma, and is limited as a predictor.

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Assessing the Moderating Effect of Parental Feeding Styles on the Association Between Satiety Responsiveness and Child BMI Z-Scores in Chilean Preschoolers Aged 3–5 Years

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa063_064 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1666-1666

Author(s):

Adeyosola Oke ◽

Marcela Vizcarra Catalan ◽

Maria Stecher ◽

Carolina Navarro ◽

Andiara Schwingel

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Weight Status ◽

Moderating Effect ◽

Z Score ◽

Feeding Styles ◽

Child Weight ◽

Z Scores ◽

Child Bmi ◽

Satiety Responsiveness ◽

Effect Of Feeding

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the moderating effect of feeding styles on the association between satiety responsiveness and child BMI z-scores in children aged 3-to-5 in Santiago, Chile. Methods Participants were recruited from childcare centers serving low- and middle-income families in 2017 and 2018. During a face-to-face individual interview, the Caregiver Feedings styles Questionnaire and food responsiveness subscale of the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire were applied to parents. Weight and height were obtained for children and caregivers. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to test the moderating effect of feeding styles on the relationship between satiety responsiveness and child BMI z-scores. Results 92.5% of caregivers were mothers, the parent BMI was 29.2 (SD = 5.7). No feeding style moderated the association between satiety responsiveness and BMI z-score Satiety responsiveness had a significant main effect on child BMI z score. None of the feeding styles was significantly associated with child BMI z-score. Only satiety responsiveness was significantly associated with child BMI z score (B = –.32, P < 0.05) after controlling for parent BMI (B = .047, P < .05). This model accounted for 12% of the variance of the child BMI z-score. 1.1% of the children were underweight, 22.4% normal, 37.9% overweight and 38.5% obese Conclusions Parent perceptions of higher satiety responsiveness suggests an association with lower child BMI z-scores. This study suggests that how children respond to food may play an important role in explaining child weight status. than the parent's or caregiver style of feeding in determining a child's weight status. Further research is required to discard interaction effects between appetite traits and feeding styles to explain child weight status. Funding Sources National Comission of scientific Research and Technology (CONICYT) and its Becas Chile program 2016 (#72,110,561) Center of Latin American Studies (CLACS) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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Studying the Relationship between Japanese Firms' Corporate Health and Results

Archives of Business Research ◽

10.14738/abr.79.7087 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 236-242

Author(s):

Foo See Liang ◽

Shaakalya Pathak

Keyword(s):

Stock Exchange ◽

Asia Pacific ◽

Manufacturing Companies ◽

Financial Health ◽

Z Score ◽

Asia Pacific Region ◽

Return On Equity ◽

Japanese Firms ◽

Z Scores ◽

The Relationship

Japan is a key leading economy in the Asia Pacific region. This study examines the relationship between the financial health, as measured by the Altman Z-Score, and corporate performance, as measured by the Return on Equity (ROE), of listed manufacturing companies in this market (the Tokyo Stock Exchange). A linear regression has been conducted between these variables to determine the magnitude and direction of their relationships. The trends of Z-Scores over a five-year period have also been analysed. The analysis covers the period from 2013 to 2017 (inclusive) and yields a statistically positive correlation between ROE and the Z-Score for the market. Japan registered moderate-to-strong mean and median Z-Scores. These findings further support the strong economic position of this market as an Asian giant.

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