scholarly journals Characterisation and composition identification of waste-derived fuels obtained from municipal solid waste using thermogravimetry: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 942-965
Author(s):  
Spyridoula Gerassimidou ◽  
Costas A Velis ◽  
Paul T Williams ◽  
Dimitrios Komilis
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Evolved Gas Analysis ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Portion ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Multiple Levels

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is the most widespread thermal analytical technique applied to waste materials. By way of critical review, we establish a theoretical framework for the use of TGA under non-isothermal conditions for compositional analysis of waste-derived fuels from municipal solid waste (MSW) (solid recovered fuel (SRF), or refuse-derived fuel (RDF)). Thermal behaviour of SRF/RDF is described as a complex mixture of several components at multiple levels (including an assembly of prevalent waste items, materials, and chemical compounds); and, operating conditions applied to TGA experiments of SRF/RDF are summarised. SRF/RDF mainly contains cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Polyvinyl chloride is also used in simulated samples, for its high chlorine content. We discuss the main limitations for TGA-based compositional analysis of SRF/RDF, due to inherently heterogeneous composition of MSW at multiple levels, overlapping degradation areas, and potential interaction effects among waste components and cross-contamination. Optimal generic TGA settings are highlighted (inert atmosphere and low heating rate (⩽10°C), sufficient temperature range for material degradation (⩾750°C), and representative amount of test portion). There is high potential to develop TGA-based composition identification and wider quality assurance and control methods using advanced thermo-analytical techniques (e.g. TGA with evolved gas analysis), coupled with statistical data analytics.

High-solids anaerobic digestion: comparison of three pilot scales

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1757-1763 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Guendouz ◽  
P. Buffière ◽  
J. Cacho ◽  
M. Carrère ◽  
J.-P. Delgenes
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
High Solids ◽  
Dry Digestion ◽  
Mesophilic Conditions ◽  
Production Efficiencies

Two experiments were undertaken in three different experimental set-ups in order to compare them: an industrial 21-m3 pilot reactor, a new 40-ℓ laboratory pilot reactor and bmp type plasma bottles. Three consecutive batch dry digestion tests of municipal solid waste were performed under mesophilic conditions with the same feedstock in all vessels. Biogas and methane production at the end of the tests were similar (around 200 m3 CH4STP/tVS) for both pilot reactors and were different from the bottle tests. The dynamics of methane production and VFA accumulation concurred. However, the maximal levels of VFA transitory accumulation varied between reactors and between runs in a same reactor. Ammonia levels were similar in both reactors. These results show that the new reactor accurately imitates the conditions found in the larger one. Adaptation of microorganisms to the waste and operating conditions was also pointed out along the consecutive batches. Thermophilic semi-continuous tests were performed in both reactors with similar conditions. The methane production efficiencies were similar.

Prediction Rules for Biogas Valorisation in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Marticorena ◽  
A. Attal ◽  
P. Camacho ◽  
J. Manem ◽  
D. Hesnault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Landfill Site ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Methane Potential ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills ◽  
In Situ Decomposition ◽  
Solid Waste Landfills

The objective of this study was to develop a tool to predict the quantity of biogas produced by a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill site to allow the energy it represents to be exploited. The model proposed is based on a first-order kinetic equation which describes the production of methane during in-situ decomposition of MSW. This equation was applied to a landfill site considering the MSW mass as a series of layers of waste of differing ages. The equation includes three parameters: MPo, the methane potential of fresh waste which is specific to MSW, d, the in-situ life duration of the waste which depends on the landfilling conditions and Ti, the filling rate, i.e. the rate at which waste is placed in the landfill site. This simple model, usable for all types of landfill and, by virtue of the parameters it uses, closely represents the site operating conditions. The approach was applied to the Villeparisis site and predicted a methane production rate of between 270 and 410 m3h−1, quite close to the measured value of 300 m3.h−1. In addition, the possibility of simulating variable landfill rates and waste life durations can be used to guide site management techniques to optimize the valorisation of the biogas and provide a global approach to the problem by incorporating leachate collection into the biogas exploitation calculations.

Treatment of leachate from municipal solid waste of Mostaganem district in Algeria: Decision support for advising a process treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Bourechech ◽  
F Abdelmalek ◽  
MR Ghezzar ◽  
A Addou
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
The One ◽  
Suitable Process

The aim of this work is to propose a plan for the choice of a suitable process for the treatment of a young leachate from municipal solid waste. Classical processes were applied: Fenton process, the coupling coagulation-Fenton process and the adsorption on powdered activated carbon (PAC). The study involves synthesised leachates from three types of wastes collected from sanitary landfill (SL): leachate of putrescible fraction (Lp), paper-cardboard (Lpc), sawdust (Ls) and the one of landfill (Lsl). The optimal operating conditions have been determined for the three processes: Fenton: [H2O2] = 6.8 g L-1 and [Fe2+] = 2.8 g L-1, coagulation: [Fe3+] = 0.3 g L-1 and adsorption: [PAC] = 60 g L-1. The three processes gave reduction rates of chemical oxygen demand ranging from 50% to 85% for Lp, 87% to 97% for Lpc and 61% to 87% for Ls. Whereas for Lsl, it was of 45%, 56% and 80% for the Fenton, coagulation-Fenton and adsorption processes, respectively. A modelling study was conducted to calculate the chemical oxygen demand of leachate produced during 25 years for different thicknesses of waste. This predicted value is used to advise for the process treatment to apply and to assess the environmental impacts in the long term.

scholarly journals Bioaerosols, Noise, and Ultraviolet Radiation Exposures for Municipal Solid Waste Handlers

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
France Ncube ◽  
Esper Jacobeth Ncube ◽  
Kuku Voyi
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Occupational Hazards ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Multifaceted Approach ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Occupational Risks ◽  
Chemical Hazards

Few studies have investigated the occupational hazards of municipal solid waste workers, particularly in developing countries. Resultantly these workers are currently exposed to unknown and unabated occupational hazards that may endanger their health. We determined municipal solid waste workers’ work related hazards and associated adverse health endpoints. A multifaceted approach was utilised comprising bioaerosols sampling, occupational noise, thermal conditions measurement, and field based waste compositional analysis. Results from our current study showed highest exposure concentrations for Gram-negative bacteria (6.8 × 103 cfu/m3) and fungi (12.8 × 103 cfu/m3), in the truck cabins. Significant proportions of toxic, infectious, and surgical waste were observed. Conclusively, municipal solid waste workers are exposed to diverse work related risks requiring urgent sound interventions. A framework for assessing occupational risks of these workers must prioritize performance of exposure assessment with regard to the physical, biological, and chemical hazards of the job.

On-line NIR monitoring during anaerobic treatment of municipal solid waste

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hansson ◽  
Å Nordberg ◽  
B. Mathisen
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
On Line ◽  
Process Disturbances

An anaerobic digester (8 l) was fed with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and monitored intermittently for two years with on-line near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and traditional chemical parameters analysed off-line. The dynamics that occurred due to changes in substrate composition (changed C:N ratio) and changes in operating conditions (overloading) could be followed using principal component analysis of the obtained NIR-spectra. In addition, process disturbances such as failed stirring and increased foaming were readily detected by the NIR-spectra. Using PLS regression the propionate concentration could be predicted in the range 0.1-3.6 g/l, RMSEP 0.53 g/l with slope 0.74 and correlation coefficient 0.85. The response on changes in the digester fluid was reproducible and could be detected within 2.5 minutes, which can be considered as real-time monitoring.

Biological pretreatment of municipal solid waste prior to landfilling

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-517
Keyword(s):  
Natural Convection ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biological Pretreatment ◽  
Leachate Recirculation ◽  
Organic Matters ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pre Treatment

The conventional landfilling does not promote sustainable waste management due to uncontrolled emissions which potentially degrade the environment. In this regard, pre-treatment of municipal solid waste prior to landfilling significantly enhance waste stabilization and provides various advantages. So in this regard pre-treatment methods of municipal solid waste were investigated. The major objectives of biological pretreatment are to degrade most easily degradable organic matters of MSW in a short duration under controlled conditions so as to produce desired quality for landfill; and to enhance methanogenic condition in the landfill. Factors affecting the choice of pretreatment processes include the composition of MSW, retention times, odor emissions, fate of toxic chemicals and costs. To investigate the economical pretreatment method prior to landfilling for developing countries four pretreatment simulators were developed at bench scale in the laboratory at different operating conditions forced aeration and leachate recirculation (APSFALR), aerobic pretreatment simulator by natural convection of air with leachate recirculation (APSNCLR), aerobic pretreatment simulator by natural convection of air (APSNC) and anaerobic simulator (AS).The organic matter, pH, temperature, settlement, leachate quantity and quality were monitored regularly. In the leachate quality BOD5, COD, NH4-N, pH and trace metals were analyzed. The molecular size distribution of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in leachate was determined after the pretreatment of 45 days. The results of these methods are compared. The APSNCLR method is economically effective method to reduce the organic matters, leachate COD and BOD5. With the biological pretreatment significant amount of easily biodegradable matters and volume of solids are reduced due to the decomposition of the waste. Landfilling of pretreated waste improves landfill behavior, characteristics, and operation. Leachate quantity, quality and landfill gas emissions also would be reduced. It is predicted by the comparison of carbon content in the fresh and pretreated MSW that resultantly increases the landfill age and decreases in aftercare monitoring period. The volumes of the solids were reduced and density increased significantly in eight weeks pretreatment of MSW due to biodegradation of organic matters. The BOD, COD5 and NH4-N content also reduced significantly as compared to the anaerobic simulator. Pretreatment simulators results are compared and concluded that pretreatment with passive aeration and leachate recirculation is better as compared to the other pretreatment simulators.

Two-phase anaerobic digestion of source sorted OFMSW (organic fraction of municipal solid waste): performance and kinetic study

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pavan ◽  
P. Battistoni ◽  
F. Cecchi ◽  
J. Mata-Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Total System ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Thermophilic Conditions

The results of a two-phase system operated in different conditions, treating the source-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste (SS-OFMSW), coming mainly from fruit and vegetable markets, are presented. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the hydrolytic reactor and in the methanogenic reactor and also the temperature in the hydrolytic reactor (mesophilic and thermophilic conditions) are varied in order to evaluate the effect of these factors. The methanogenic reactor is always operated within the thermophilic range. Optimum operating conditions are found to be around 12 days (total system) using the mesophilic range of temperature in the first reactor. Specific gas production (SGP) in these conditions is around 0.6 m3/kgTVS. A kinetic study is also carried out, using the first and the step diffusional models. The latter gives much better results, with fitted constants comparable to other studies. Finally, a comparison with a one-phase system is carried out, showing that a two-phase system is much more appropriate for the digestion of this kind of highly biodegradable substrate in thermophilic conditions.

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