A Review of Phosphorus- Containing Flame Retardants

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Green
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Red Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Trade Names ◽  
Inorganic Phosphates

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants include red phosphorus, inorganic phosphates, organophosphorus compounds and chlorophosphorus compounds. These are reviewed showing chemical structure and major applica tions. U.S., Western Europe and Japanese producers are given along with their trade names. Intumescent phosphorus systems and compounds are discussed.

A Review of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Green
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Phosphorus Compound ◽  
Red Phosphorus ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Polyphenylene Oxide ◽  
Phosphorus Containing

The flame retardant mechanism described for phosphorus- containing flame retardants includes both a condensed and a vapor phase mechanism depending on the type of phosphorus compound and the polymer. Intumescence is also described. Chemical structures of the flame retardant are shown. Specific applications for red phosphorus, organophosphates, chlorophos phates and bromophosphates are described. The use of triarylphosphates in PVC, modified polyphenylene oxide, and polycarbonate/ABS is described. The chlorophosphates are used in polyurethanes and the bromophosphates in en gineering thermoplastics. Flammability and mechanical properties are given for specific polymers.

scholarly journals Challenges and solutions in phosphinate chemistry

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Montchamp
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Phosphorus Trichloride ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Red Phosphorus ◽  
Bond Forming ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Organophosphorus Chemistry ◽  
Final Consumer

Abstract Several major challenges still remain in organophosphorus chemistry. Organophosphorus compounds are currently synthesized from phosphorus trichloride (PCl3), even though the final consumer products (such as pesticides, flame-retardants, extractants) do not contain reactive phosphorus-chlorine bonds. In order to bypass phosphorus trichloride, significant interest has been devoted to functionalizing elemental phosphorus (P4, the precursor to PCl3), red phosphorus (Pred), or phosphine (PH3). Yet, phosphinates (ROP(O)H2) are already available on an industrial scale and are the most environmentally benign, but their use as phosphorus trichloride replacements has been completely overlooked until a few years ago. An overview of some of the methodologies developed in my laboratory for P–C and P–O bond-forming reactions through phosphinate chemistry, as well as some selected applications, are presented. Another significant challenge remains the synthesis of P-stereogenic compounds. My group’s recent progress in this area is also discussed. Based on menthol as an inexpensive chiral auxiliary, various menthyl phosphinates can be synthesized. These phosphinates are precursor to P-stereogenic phosphines through well-established literature transformations.

scholarly journals Novel Cast Polyurethanes Obtained by Using Reactive Phosphorus-Containing Polyol: Synthesis, Thermal Analysis and Combustion Behaviors

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2699
Author(s):  
Izabela Zagożdżon ◽  
Paulina Parcheta ◽  
Janusz Datta
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Polyol Synthesis ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Heat And Mass Exchange ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Combustion Tests

Phosphorus-containing polyol applications in polyurethane synthesis can prevent volatilization of flame retardants and their migration on the surface of a material. In this work, novel cast polyurethanes were prepared by a one-step method with the use of different amounts of phosphorus-containing polyol, 4,4′–diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. The chemical structure, thermal, physicochemical and mechanical properties and flame resistance of the prepared materials were investigated. The results obtained for cast flame-retarded polyurethanes were compared with cast polyurethane synthesized with commonly known polyether polyol. It has been shown that with an increasing amount of phosphorus content to polyurethane’s chemical structure, an increased flame resistance and char yield were found during combustion tests. Phosphorus polyol worked in both the condensed (reduced heat and mass exchange) and gas phase (inhibition of flame propagation during burning). The obtained materials contained phosphorus polyol, indicating higher thermal stability in an oxidative environment than an inert atmosphere.

scholarly journals A bio-based phosphaphenanthrene-containing derivative modified epoxy thermosets with good flame retardancy, high mechanical properties and transparency

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 30943-30954
Author(s):  
Wei Peng ◽  
Yu-xuan Xu ◽  
Shi-bin Nie ◽  
Wei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
The Past ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Modified Epoxy

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants have received huge interest for improving the flame retardant behavior of epoxy resins (EP) over the past few decades.

Novel phosphorus-containing silazanes as flame retardants in epoxy resins

2021 ◽  
pp. 105120
Author(s):  
Philipp Kukla ◽  
Lara Greiner ◽  
Sebastian Eibl ◽  
Manfred Döring ◽  
Frank Schönberger
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Phosphorus Containing
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