An IMPLCATION-logic based fluorescent probe for sequential detection of Cu2+ and phosphates in living cells

The Cu2+ and inorganic phosphates play an extremely important role in the organism and the environment. However, designing simultaneous identification and detection of Cu2+ and phosphates probe to construct multi-input...

Growth and Phytase Activities of Bacillus subtilis IMV B-7023 During Cultivation with Sodium Phytate

Bacteria of the genus Bacillus are known for their ability to mineralize organic phosphorus compounds. Phytates constitute up to 60–80% of the total plant phosphorus and almost 50% of soil organic phosphorus. Phytates phosphorus is unavailable for plants. Bacillus can synthesize phosphatases both wide spectrum of action, and highly specific phytases that catalyze the hydrolysis of phytates. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the growth and phytase activity of Bacillus subtilis IMV B-7023, which is the component of the ”Azogran” complex bacterial preparation for plant growing. Methods. The growth activity of bacteria was studied by cultivation methods, the phytase activity – by measuring the amount of phosphate released from sodium phytate during the enzymatic reaction. Results. It was shown that B. subtilis IMV B-7023 assimilated phytate as the source of phosphorus nutrition during cultivation in media with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/L of sodium phytate. The highest growth activity of these bacteria was observed after two days of cultivation in medium with 1.0 g/L of phytate. The number of bacteria was (3.91±0.32)×109 CFU/mL under these conditions. At the same time, B. subtilis IMV B-7023 demonstrated a low level of phytate assimilation as a source of carbon nutrition. Thus, after two days of cultivation the number of bacteria increased from (4.12±0.09)×106 CFU/mL to (1.07±0.07–3.11±0.51)×107 CFU/mL in the presence of 0.5–2.0 g/L phytate in the medium and the absence of another carbon source. It was determined that strain B. subtilis IMV B-7023 had phytase activity, the highest activity (221.85±0.12 U/g) was on the first day of their cultivation in medium with inorganic phosphates. It should be noted that B. subtilis IMV B-7023 phytase activity was lower during cultivating in medium with sodium phytate as a source of phosphorus nutrition, than in medium with inorganic phosphates. The obtained fact may be due to phytate hydrolysis by widespecific phosphatases. Higher rates of phytase activity obtained on the first and third days compared to the second and fourth days of bacterial cultivation may indicate the expression of phosphatases genes only in the period required for maximum bacterial development, in the absence of these proteins in the media. At the same time, the phytase activity of B. subtilis IMV B-7023 after 2 days cultivation in a media with 0.5 and 1.0 g/L of sodium phytate (194.80±0.15 U/g and 160.90±0.13 U/g, respectively) as the source of carbon and phosphorus was higher compared to the activity of bacteria on medium with inorganic phosphates (137.79±0.10 U/g). This may be caused by the synthesis of a larger number of highly specific phosphatases (phytases) in bacterial cells at the presence of only phytate in the medium as a substrate. Conclusions. B. subtilis IMV B-7023 strain is characterized by growth on nutrient medium with sodium phytate and phytase activity. Because they are soil microorganisms used as the component of the ”Azogran” complex bacterial preparation for plant growing, the ability to hydrolyze and assimilate phytate is important for functioning of this strain in the rhizosphere. The obtained results extend the understanding of B. subtilis IMV B-7023 influence on phosphorus nutrition and development of plants.

The Source Matters–Effects of High Phosphate Intake from Eight Different Sources in Dogs

Elevated serum phosphate concentrations are an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in chronic kidney disease in various species. Independent associations of other parameters of phosphorus metabolism, such as phosphorus intake from different sources and serum concentrations of phosphorus, as well as parameters involved in the regulation, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) or markers of bone turnover, have been studied in less detail. Therefore, the serum kinetics of phosphate, PTH, and the bone resorption marker bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) were investigated after 18 days of feeding a control diet and diets supplemented with eight different organic and inorganic phosphate sources aiming at 1.8% phosphorus per dry matter and calcium to phosphorus ratio between 1.3 and 1.7 to 1. Eight healthy beagle dogs (f/m, 2–4 years, 12.9 ± 1.4 kg body weight) were available for the trial. Highly significant differences in the serum kinetics of phosphorus, PTH, and BAP with the highest postprandial levels after feeding highly water-soluble sodium and potassium phosphates were found. We conclude that the use of certain inorganic phosphates in pet food is potentially harmful and should be restricted.

Evaluation of Phosphorus Digestibility from Monocalcium and Dicalcium Phosphate Sources and Comparison between Total Tract and Prececal Digestibility Standard Methods in Broilers

The objective of this study was to compare the total tract (total excreta and marker) and prececal methodologies to determine phosphorus (P) digestibility and to evaluate its variation as a function of the physicochemical characteristics of the inorganic phosphate used (monocalcium, MCP and dicalcium, DCP) from different commercial sources. A total of 176 1-day-old male broilers were used in two digestibility experiments. In Experiment 1, one MCP and one DCP were incorporated in the basal diet at two levels. In Experiment 2, MCP and DCP from three commercial sources were incorporated to the basal diet at one level. Physicochemical characteristics of inorganic phosphates were examined, as well. Additionally, bone mineralization and growth performance traits were investigated in both trials. The digestibility of MCP ranged from 75.2 to 87.4% and from 80.5 to 86.6% for DCP amongst methodologies, but differences between total tract and preceal methodologies were not statistically significant. Particle size, surface area, degree of crystallinity and impurities varied amongst commercial sources. The P digestibility of the three tested commercial sources of MCP was 79.6% (MCP1), 70.2% (MCP2) and 65.6% (MCP3); p > 0.05. The P digestibility of the 3 tested commercial sources of DCP was 80.1% (DCP1), 77.4% (DCP2) and 71.4% (DCP3); p > 0.05.

Phosphonates as Unique Components of Plant Seeds—A Promising Approach to Use Phosphorus Profiles in Plant Chemotaxonomy

Phosphorus is one of the most important elements essential for all living beings. Plants accumulate and store phosphorous in various forms that have diverse physiological and biochemical functions. In this study,we determine and then examine the phosphorus profiles of seeds of plants belonging to different taxa based on extractable inorganic phosphates and organic forms of phosphorus. We paid particular attention to the presence of natural phosphonates in the tested materials. The inorganic phosphates were determined colorimetrically, whereas phosphorus profiles were created by using 31P NMR spectroscopy. Our study on phosphorus profiles revealed that the obtainedsets of data vary significantly among the representatives of different taxa and were somehow specific for families of plants. It should be emphasised that the measurements obtained using 31P NMR spectroscopy undoubtedly confirmed—for the first time—the presence of phosphonates among the natural components of plant seeds. Hence, the classification of plants considering the phosphorus profiles, including the presence of phosphonates, may be a new additional chemotaxonomic feature.

Vtc5 Is Localized to the Vacuole Membrane by the Conserved AP-3 Complex to Regulate Polyphosphate Synthesis in Budding Yeast

Long polymers of inorganic phosphates called polyphosphates are ubiquitous across biological kingdoms. From bacteria to humans, they have diverse functions related to protein homeostasis, energy metabolism, and cell signaling.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Particleboard: Investigation of the Environmental Parameters

Particleboard is not entirely a wood replacement but a particular material with its properties, making it more effective at different times than heavy or solid wood. The world’s biggest concern is environmental problems with formaldehyde as a particulate board binder that can lead to human carcinogenic agents. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of particleboard production was performed using openLCA software. The impact assessment was carried out according to the software’s features. This preliminary investigation aims to analyze the chemical composition of particleboard and identify its environmental impact. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) system was used to track the functional group of aliphatic hydrocarbons, inorganic phosphates, and main aliphatic alcohols found in particleboards made in Malaysia. Based on the FTIR results, aliphatic groups were found in numerous aggravates that the spectroscopic infrared was likely to experience. The most important vibrational modes were C–H, at approximately 3000 cm−1, and –CH deformations around 1460 cm−1 and 1380 cm−1. Eight effect groups demonstrated that 100% of the input and all analyses produced the same relative outcome. The life cycle of a product is determined by pollution of the air, water, and soil. Thus, particleboard has a minimal impact on the environment, except for global warming.