Review of Agricultural Products Marketing Activities and Services

Marketing is the performance of all physical activities, transactions and facilities, as a result of which the agricultural product is moved from the main place of production (farm), all kinds of benefits are added to them, and after reaching the last consumer, some of his needs are met. In order for objects and services to move in the marketing channel, they must legally change their ownership, resulting in a change of ownership of the exchange, so that several exchanges take place during marketing until the crop reaches the final consumer. Different activities in the marketing stage make it possible to move the material in the marketing channel. The sum of these activities is studied under the heading of marketing tasks, which are generally divided into three categories, which include exchange, physical and facilitative activities. Doing any of these activities will add value to agricultural products and facilitate the transfer of goods, and the product will be placed in the hands of the end consumer to meet some of his needs. When the product is produced and ready to be marketed for consumption until it reaches the final consumer, actions are taken on these products, which are called agricultural marketing services; Therefore, operations of agricultural products include collection, transfer and distribution of agricultural products that require various services, which include product collection, transportation, packaging, conversion or processing of products, standardization of agricultural products, grading, storage and storage of agricultural products, credit , Accept risks, pricing and advertising. Complete coherence and coordination between activities to reduce costs, normal and fast flow of products and prevent spoilage and deterioration of their quality. All of the above activities are carried out by a marketing system consisting of physical, exchange and facility organizations and institutions; Timely implementation of these activities in order to reach the product to consumers on time, good quality and reasonable price is important. The overall purpose of this issue is to identify the different marketing tasks of agricultural products in order to fully understand the various marketing activities and improve how these tasks are performed so as not to reduce the quality of agricultural products.The present research has been done by review method and using previous studies in order to review the marketing activities and services of agricultural products. In this regard, citation method and study of scientific books, articles and journals have been used to collect information and information. It came to this conclusion by reviewing and studying scientific books and articles related to the subject of marketing activities and services; All marketing activities are carried out through a marketing system consisting of individuals, physical institutions, transactions and facilities with their infrastructure, which is simultaneously responsible for increasing the high value of products and transferring them from producers to consumers to satisfy their maximum demand. Without an active and modern marketing system with telecommunication facilities, transportation, storage, refrigeration, processing, credit, generators can not make good use of production and marketing opportunities.

Chương 3 Phân tích hành vi của người mua (buying decision behavior)

The aim of marketing is to engage customers and affect how they think and act. To affect the whats, whens, and hows of buyer behavior, marketers must first understand the whys. final consumer buying influences and processes.

Gross domestic product and critical infrastructure

GDP is considered as a critical infrastructure that characterizes the global interaction of consumers and manufacturers of the final product in the national economy. For the analysis and modelling of GDP, the Leontiev model is used to analyze and to model GDP as a critical infrastructure, where costs are interpreted in two ways - as consumer spending and as producer costs. This allows you to determine the degree of their influence on each other through the established production structure. Based on Leontiev's aggregated three-sector model, two scenarios were modelled: a) the impact of final consumer spending on output and the formation of added value and b) the impact of changes in added value on output and final consumer spending. The model includes three sectors – the agricultural sector, industry and service sectors. In the first scenario, the increase in the final consumed product in the agricultural sector by 1000 yen causes an increase in output in the agricultural sector by 1153.5 yen, in industry by 594.4 yen and in the service sector by 358.1 yen. At the same time, total production costs will increase by 1106.0 yen; added value will increase in the agricultural sector by 549.8 yen, in industry – 216.8 yen, in the service sector – 233.4 yen. The volume of production growth can be determined only through the Leontiev model. In the second scenario, an increase in added value in the agricultural sector by 1000 yen brings about an increase in output in the agricultural sector by 1153.5 yen, in industry by 1470.4 yen and in the service sector by 480.7 yen. For both scenarios, the assessment and verification of calculations of GDP growth and output are carried out by the balance method – output and GDP growth is described within the Leontiev model. The three-sectoral model is useful for educational purposes, scientific research; to reach the method in a specific example. The approach can be extended to models of greater dimension and large size.

Formal modelling of the electricity markets: the example of the load reduction of electricity mechanism “NEBEF”

The liberalisation of the electricity market initiated at the beginning of the 21st century has opened it to new parties. To ensure the growth of participants’ number will support the system’s balance, the EU regulation 2019/943 confirms that “all market participants should be financially responsible of the imbalances they cause”. In their respective area, the transmission system operators develops the regulation in compliance with this condition. However, as the regulation takes into account the new realities of the market such as renewables, the interactions between the participants become more complex. One of the risks is that the imbalance of an actor may not be due to its own actions, not complying with the EU regulation then. To analyse this kind of implicit condition, we propose a formal approach to model the exchanges of energy. Using the French regulation as a base, we model the participants and their interactions in the form of symbolic equations using the energy-related terms as variables. In this paper, to illustrate the model we will use to analyse the entire electricity market, we apply it to the NEBEF mechanism only. This mechanism is dedicated to the selling of demand response in France and introduces a third party between the final producer and the final consumer: the demand response operator. We model the mechanism and analyse how the mechanism complies with the balancing responsibility. Our results demonstrate that the mechanism complies with the regulation but there are some limits due to the calculation method of the reference consumption.

Analysis of marketing efficiency of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) in Karanganyar Regency

The research aimed to analyze the marketing efficiency of shallot in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java. The study used the snowball sampling method, which consisted of farmers, collectors, traders, and consumers. Samples in this research are 120 shallot farmers with questionnaires. The data analysis consists of descriptive marketing funnel analysis, marketing margin analysis using the cost, profit, and marketing margin formula calculations, marketing efficiency analysis economically using marketing margin percentage, and farmer’s share. The results indicate that there are four marketing funnels for shallot: (1) Farmers - market traders - retailers - consumers (2) Farmers - collectors - market traders - retailers - consumers (3) Farmers - collectors - market traders outside the city - consumers outside the city (4) Farmers - collectors outside the city - consumers outside the city. Based on the farmer’s share value results, the most efficient in this study was marketing funnel four. It has the highest farmer share value of 88,83% and occurs when shallot farmers sell products directly to final consumers. Farmers are better off offering shallots ready to be sold to the final consumer, so the price offered can be high.

Social Consideration in Product Life Cycle for Product Social Sustainability

Social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) is an emerging and pivotal tool for sustainability evaluation of products throughout their life cycle. Understanding deeply published papers helps to modify methods and identify research gaps. The aim of this study is to discover the existing gap in the S-LCA of products and to find the weaknesses of the approach. The method of performing the review was a narrative review where published papers from 2006 to 2020 were included through the use of the Web of Science and Scopus databases. S-LCA is considered to be relevant to a majority of sectors and processes (agricultural, industrial, technology, energy, and tourism). However, there is not sufficient research on evaluation of S-LCA on cereal crops and livestock output. It is indicated that, in the present S-LCA studies, there has been a lack of attention paid to the society and value chain actors and final consumer stakeholders. The elements of sexual harassment and employment relationships are not considered in SLCA studies. Italy has the largest amount of cases of S-LCA studies. The major challenges of applying S-LCA (by using site specific data) is data collection, which is time-consuming. It is recommended to evaluate a comprehensive sustainability assessment by adding cost of social assessment to LCA since there has been a lack of attention on assessment of cost in S-LCA.

MODEL OF EVALUATION THE FEASIBILITY OF INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMERS TO HOURLY ACCOUNTING OF RETAIL ELECTRICITY MARKET

The main differences in pricing and tariffing for industrial consumers of electricity with different forms of electricity metering are considered. Based on the analysis of tariff formation for the final consumer of electricity, components are identified that have a significant impact on the results of solving the problem of assessing the feasibility of the consumer's transition to hourly electricity metering. Such components include the cost of purchasing electricity in the market segment "day ahead" and the cost of accrued imbalances. The relative daily profile of electricity consumption is considered in order to study the influence of the features of the daily load schedule on the weighted average daily market price of electricity. The importance of estimating the cost of daily load profiles when comparing the cost of electricity for the consumer in the group with integrated electricity metering and in terms of individual hourly metering is substantiated. The effect of underestimation of volumes and value of imbalances in the group with integrated electricity metering in comparison with hourly accruals of volumes and value of imbalances is theoretically substantiated. The main components for comparative assessment of the expediency of the consumer's exit from the group with integrated metering of electricity and the transition to its hourly metering according to the individual daily load schedule are identified. Mathematical models for comparative calculations are developed. The use of these models allows to make an economically justified decision on the expediency of the consumer leaving the group without hourly metering of electricity to the model of purchasing electricity with hourly metering. The main approaches to such an assessment are demonstrated on the example of calculations for an industrial enterprise in some regions of Ukraine. Bibl. 15, fig. 3.

Taxation within the Transport Sector: A Ride-hailer and Sharing Economy Perspective

This study explored the implications of taxes on ride-hailing services in a developing economy setting and its effect on the activities of drivers who patronize such services. Using thematic analysis, the study analyzed interview responses from key participants in the ride-hailing services such as the drivers, service operators, and vehicle owners based on the sharing economy perspective. The results indicate that (1) in a broader sense the contribution of the ride-hailing service is characterized with some features such as savings in money and time, ease of stress for both drivers and passengers, and also ease of movement; (2) taxes are needful to ensure sustainable governance but these taxes ought to be equitably charged to all actors within the economy and (3) the Vehicle Income Tax is a cause of financial distress to Uber drivers due to its increasing nature. More importantly, the tax has the potential of eroding profits which makes drivers worse off. This new but genre system of transportation is gaining roots and far advancing within the Ghanaian landscape. Thus, policymakers and industry players must focus on its role within the economy and the benefits therefrom. Equally, there must be more policy initiatives to prevent overburdening the final consumer of ride-hailing services with high taxes and prices. It also suggested that subsequent studies focus on the use of a different methodology within a different or the same setting.

QC-story as cost management support tool application and evaluation in a clothing industry

A good cost management is a business need, where the process failures are identified and corrected, seeking continuous improvement, since competitiveness and lower prices are the market demanding. Such good management reflects on process economies, whether economic or energy efforts, and results in benefits for the company and final consumer, who receives a less costly product. In order to achieve this process of continuous improvement in costing process, the QC-story method was used to identify and analyze problems in cost calculation. For analysis of the problems some Quality Tools were used, making possible to identify the causes of the problems with cost management. At the end of the analysis, an action plan was proposed using the 5W2H tool to achieve the desired improvements. The application of the QC-story method was justified by the fact that divergences in cost management are common in all collections, directly impacting the company's income generation.

Viable Disposal of Post-Consumer Polymers in Mexico: A Review

Post-consumer polymers require viable actions to transfer value to the final consumer to reduce environmental impact. Worldwide, initiatives are being developed to promote the culture of recycling and thus reduce waste generation. These initiatives seek to make the work of thousands of people visible, encourage job creation, and promote businesses through incentive schemes for effective separation, collection, classification, reuse, and recycling, in the hands of consumers, collectors, and scavenges. It is necessary to emphasize that Mexico needs to develop techniques to increase the productivity of collection centers for recyclable materials and to face the challenges that recycling implies. For these reasons, the Mexican government has spoken of waste management as a national priority due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which increased urban solid waste between 3.3 % and 16.5 % in addition to what was generated under normal conditions. Also, the recycling chain provides economic income to more than 35 thousand Mexicans. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is an example of the most notable circular economy in Mexico because 60 % of PET bottles are recycled. Therefore, this article addresses the methods and systems in the management of urban solid waste. It focuses on post-consumer recycled plastic bottles to provide an overview of cost-effective strategies for designing and developing an affordable sorting system in Mexico from the academic field. In addition, to simplify the solution that we propose, it is recommended to combine optical techniques such as infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy with others methods that work together, such as computer vision, to develop affordable systems that address the limitations of mechanical systems.