Cancer and non-cancer health risk assessment of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene in a petrochemical plant in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 960-970
Author(s):  
Mohsen Sadeghi-Yarandi ◽  
Ali Karimi ◽  
Vahid Ahmadi ◽  
Ali Asghar Sajedian ◽  
Ahmad Soltanzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Petrochemical Plant

1,3-Butadiene is classified as carcinogenic to humans by inhalation. This study aimed to assess cancer and non-cancer risk following occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a petrochemical plant producing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer in Iran. Occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene was measured according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1024 method. Cancer and non-cancer risk assessment were performed according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency method. The average occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene during work shifts among all participants was 560.82 ± 811.36 µg m−3. The average lifetime cancer risk (LCR) in the present study was 2.71 × 10−3; 82.2% of all exposed workers were within the definite carcinogenic risk level. Also, the mean non-cancer risk (hazard quotient (HQ)) among all participants was 10.82 ± 14.76. The highest LCR and HQ were observed in the safety and fire-fighting station workers with values of 7.75 × 10−3 and 36.57, respectively. The findings revealed that values of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk in the majority of participants were within the definitive and unacceptable risk levels. Therefore, corrective measures are necessary to protect these workers from non-cancer and cancer risks from 1,3-butadiene exposure.

scholarly journals Genetic Testing for Polyposis Syndromes

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 345-352
Author(s):  
Khateriaa Pyrtel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Hereditary Cancer ◽  
Cancer Genetics ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Polyposis Syndromes

AbstractColorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed in the United States with up to 3% of cases being attributable to a hereditary polyposis syndrome. Established diagnostic and/or testing criteria exist for many of the recognized polyposis syndromes and are an important tool in guiding physicians in the identification of individuals who may benefit from referral to a cancer genetics service for hereditary cancer risk assessment. A formal hereditary cancer risk assessment supports fulfillment of obligations for standard of care, as well as minimizes the negative outcomes that may occur in the absence of informed consent for genetic testing. The implications of a diagnosis may extend beyond the individual patient to include at-risk relatives, and as such, much emphasis should be placed on identifying the most informative individual in a family in which to initiate testing. Advances in our understanding of genes associated with hereditary polyposis and the increasing use of testing that relies on next-generation sequencing technologies may lead to the increased likelihood of a genetic diagnosis; however, in those individuals without a genetic diagnosis whose histories remain concerning for hereditary polyposis, knowledge of family history may inform strategies for early detection and prevention.

scholarly journals Monitoring of chlorination disinfection by-products and their associated health risks in drinking water of Pakistan

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 270-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidra Abbas ◽  
Imran Hashmi ◽  
Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman ◽  
Ishtiaq A. Qazi ◽  
Mohammad A. Awan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Exposure Routes ◽  
By Products

This study reports the baseline data of chlorination disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and their associated health risks in the water distribution network of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. THM monitoring was carried out at 30 different sampling sites across the twin cities for 6 months. The average concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and chloroform ranged between 575 and 595 μg/L which exceeded the permissible US (80 μg/L) and EU (100 μg/L) limits. Chloroform was one of the major contributors to the TTHMs concentration (>85%). The occurrence of THMs was found in the following order: chloroform, bromodichloromethane > dibromochloromethane > bromoform. Lifetime cancer risk assessment of THMs for both males and females was carried out using prediction models via different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal). Total lifetime cancer risk assessment for different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and skin) was carried out. The highest cancer risk expected from THMs seems to be from the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contacts. The average lifetime cancer risk for males and females was found to be 0.51 × 10−3 and 1.22 × 10−3, respectively. The expected number of cancer risks per year could reach two to three cases for each city.

scholarly journals Cancer Risk Assessment and the Biostatistical Revolution of the 1970s—A Reflection

Dose-Response ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 155932581880640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenny Crump
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Multistage Model ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Assessment Guidelines ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Before around 1960, assessment of risk from exposure to toxic substances, including risk of cancer, was generally implemented using the NOAEL-safety factor approach that essentially assumed that an exposure threshold existed and exposures below the threshold carried no risk. In the 1970s there came a realization that cancer could develop from a mutation in a single cell and consequently it was unlikely that a threshold existed for substances that could cause such mutations, and that risk could increase linearly with exposure. During this time the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was formed and charged with protecting the public from a perceived high risk of environmental cancer. Faced with this difficult task, EPA decided to assess cancer risk by fitting a statistical model to dose-response cancer data and extrapolating to low dose using the fitted model. After some early experimentation EPA selected the Linearized Multistage Model for this fitting, which predicted risk increased linearly with exposure at low exposures. This approach led to an increased emphasis on statistical issues in risk assessment. Today, cancer risk assessment guidelines allow for different approaches depending upon the understanding of a substance's mode of action. However, a review of EPA's experience with current guidelines indicates that most cancer risk assessments still follow procedures similar to those initiated more than 40 years ago.

scholarly journals Related health risk assessment of exposure to arsenic and some heavy metals in gold mines in Banmauk Township, Myanmar

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pokkate Wongsasuluk ◽  
Aung Zaw Tun ◽  
Srilert Chotpantarat ◽  
Wattasit Siriwong
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cancer Risks

AbstractExposure to heavy metals in mining activities is a health issue among miners. This study was carried out at three small-scale gold mining sites situated in Banmauk Township, Myanmar and aims to assess the occupational health risks of small-scale gold miners who are exposed to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in the soil through the dermal route. Soil samples were analyzed through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The concentrations of the heavy metals in soils found As, ranged 1.04 mg/kg to 22.17 mg/kg, 0.13 mg/kg to 3.07 mg/kg for Cd, 0.15 mg/kg to 77.44 mg/kg for Hg, and 7.67 mg/kg to 210.00 mg/kg for Pb. In this study, 79% of the participants did not use any form of personal protective equipment (PPE) while working in gold mining processes. Regarding noncancer risk assessment, the results found all hazard quotient were lower than acceptable level (HQ < 1). In addition, all hazard index (HI) was lover than 1, the highest HI was found as 5.66 × 10−1 in the amalgamation process. On the other hand, the result found cancer risk ranged from 8.02 × 10−8 to 1.75 × 10−6, and the estimated cancer risks for 9 years ranged from 4.78 × 10−7 to 1.04 × 10−5. Therefore, the cancer risks of the miners were greater than the United State Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) acceptable cancer risk level, 1 × 10−6, and the miners may be at risk of developing carcinogenic diseases. The suggestion is to educate miners about the health risks of heavy metals and to encourage the use of proper PPE all the time while working in gold mine.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Harmful Substances and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic in Cosmetic Brands in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kanayochukwu Nduka ◽  
Isaac Omoche Odiba ◽  
Eruemrejovwo Inspector Aghoghome ◽  
Ngozi Lilian Umedum ◽  
Maduabuchi Joseph Nwosu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Total Cancer

Forty two different cosmetic samples consisting of 16 facial cosmetics, 6 soaps, 1 shower gel, 12 emulsions, 2 underarm cosmetics, 3 nail cosmetics and 2 perfumes were purchased from department stores and cosmetic shops within Onitsha Main Market and Eke-Awka in Anambra, Nigeria. Seven of these cosmetic (16.67%) were locally manufactured in Nigeria while thirty five (83.33%) were imported into Nigeria. The cosmetics were ashed before digestion and filtration. The filtrates were assayed for mercury and arsenic with AAS SearchTech AA320N. Hydroquinone presence was identified by chromatographic test while steroids, nitrite and N-nitrosamines were identified by colour test and together were assayed by UV-spectrophotometer (Spectrulab 21). The health risk assessment methods developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) were employed to explore the potential human health risk of Mercury and Arsenic in cosmeticsamples. Results showed that two (2)  of the cosmetic samples contained mercury ( 0.003 + 0.000mg/kg and 0.07 + 0.00mg/kg)  while three cosmetic samples contained arsenic (0.002 + 0.000, 0.002+0.000 and 0.005 +0.000 mg/kg). Hydroquinone concentration ranged from 1.14 + 0.00 – 1.83 + 0.03 mg/kg (1.14E-02 – 1.83E-02 %).Steroid was found in only two samples with concentration of 16.70 + 0.74 mg/kg and 17.63 + 0.74 while N-nitrosamines and nitrite occurred in nine and eleven samples in the range of 4.66 + 0.09 – 43.52 + 0.47 and 0.87 + 0.02 – 13.42 + 2.90 respectively. The total cancer and non-cancer risk results indicated that although the chances of cancer risk and non-cancer risk resulting from the use of these cosmetic products were unlikely, build up of these heavy metals overtime on continuous usage could be detrimental.

scholarly journals The EPA Cancer Risk Assessment Default Model Proposal: Moving Away From the LNT

Dose-Response ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 155932581878984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Calabrese ◽  
Jaap C. Hanekamp ◽  
Dima Yazji Shamoun
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Model Uncertainty ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Default Model ◽  
Novel Approach

This article strongly supports the Environmental Protection Agency proposal to make significant changes in their cancer risk assessment principles and practices by moving away from the use of the linear nonthreshold (LNT) dose–response as the default model. An alternate approach is proposed based on model uncertainty which integrates the most scientifically supportable features of the threshold, hormesis, and LNT models to identify the doses that optimize population-based responses (ie, maximize health benefits/minimize health harm). This novel approach for cancer risk assessment represents a significant improvement to the current LNT default method from scientific and public health perspectives.

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