Are Gender Differences in DSM-5 PTSD Symptomatology Explained by Sexual Trauma?

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (21-22) ◽  
pp. 4713-4740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Guina ◽  
Ramzi W. Nahhas ◽  
Kevin Kawalec ◽  
Seth Farnsworth
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sexual Trauma ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trauma Type ◽  
Significant Symptom

Although many studies have assessed gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence, few examine individual PTSD symptoms (PTSSs). Hypothesizing that trauma differences explain many gender differences in symptomatology, this is the first known study to adjust PTSSs for trauma type, and to compare gender differences in those with sexual traumas. Using a cross-sectional survey methodology in a sample of adult outpatients ( n = 775), we examined gender, trauma type, PTSSs, suicide, alcohol, and tobacco. Among those with trauma ( n = 483), women generally had more severe symptoms than men, but after adjusting for trauma type, only physical reactivity ( p = .0002), excessive startle ( p = .0005), external avoidance ( p = .0007), internal avoidance ( p = .0008), psychological reactivity ( p = .0009), and suicide attempts ( p = .001) remained significantly worse among women, whereas men more commonly reported alcohol problems ( p = .007). Among those with PTSD ( n = 164), there were no significant PTSS gender differences. Those with sexual trauma had worse symptoms (particularly amnesia) compared with non-sexual trauma ( p < .0001 for PTSD diagnosis and total severity), including within each gender. Among those with sexual trauma ( n = 157), men had worse recklessness ( p = .004) and more commonly reported tobacco ( p = .02), whereas women more commonly attempted suicide ( p = .02) and had worse avoidance ( p = .04). However, when isolating the effects of sexual trauma beyond other traumas, there were no significant symptom difference-in-differences between genders. Our findings suggest that, while women have higher PTSD rates, men with PTSD present similarly. In addition, while women have higher sexual trauma rates, men may have similarly severe responses. Most gender differences in PTSD presentation appear to be explained by trauma type, particularly women having higher rates of sexual trauma. We discuss potential biopsychosocial explanations.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Denial-Acceptance Duration Based on Kübler-Ross Cycle After HIV Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Niniek Budiarti Burhan ◽  
Muhammad Reza Febriliant
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Routine Treatment ◽  
Male Subjects

<p class="Englishversionofabstract">Patients who have been diagnosed with HIV often suffer from sadness and grief that, in turn, affect the adherence to HIV treatment. This study aimed to examine gender differences in the denial-acceptance duration based on the Kübler-Ross cycle in patients after diagnosed with HIV. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 63 adult HIV patients aged 19-60 years who received routine treatment at the HIV/VCT outpatient department of Saiful Anwar General Hospital Malang. Subjects were interviewed using the Acceptance of Disease and Impairments Questionnaire (ADIQ). Gender differences in denial-acceptance duration after diagnosed with HIV were analyzed using the unpaired T-test. Results were statistically significant if p value &lt;0.05. The median duration of denial-acceptance in male subjects was 16 weeks with the shortest duration of 1 week and the longest duration of 144 weeks, while the median duration of female subjects was 12 weeks with the shortest duration of 1 week and the longest duration of 240 weeks. There are no gender differences in the denial-acceptance duration (p value = 0.629). In conclusion, there are no gender differences in denial-acceptance duration based on the Kübler-Ross cycle after diagnosed with HIV.</p>

scholarly journals Psychosocial Adjustment and Sociometric Status in Primary Education: Gender Differences

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Muñoz-Silva ◽  
Cecilia De la Corte de la Corte ◽  
Bárbara Lorence-Lara ◽  
Manuel Sanchez-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sociometric Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private

The acceptance or rejection of classmates is one of the most widely recognized determinants of wellbeing in childhood. This study analyses psychosocial adjustment and sociometric status in primary education pupils, and possible differences by gender. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in Huelva (Spain). The surveyed schools were selected using a stratified random sampling technique with both public and private elementary schools. Sample was composed of 247 4th grade students. Data revealed gender differences in psychosocial adjustment, particularly in terms of prosocial behavior in girls and behavioral problems in boys. Popular and rejected statuses presented opposing adjustment profiles, particularly in hyperactive symptoms and behavioral problems. When the sample was separated by gender, the differences between the types of status in emotional symptomatology and prosocial behavior disappeared. In addition, the differences between statuses were greater in boys, and were defined mainly by hyperactivity, whilst for girls these differences were more apparent in behavioral problems.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Magnitudes and Patterns of Socioeconomic Inequalities across Various Health Problems: A Large National Cross-Sectional Survey in Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Yeon Shin ◽  
Jiseun Lim ◽  
Myung Ki ◽  
Yeong-Jun Song ◽  
Heeran Chun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Magnitudes of health inequalities present consequences of socioeconomic impact on each health problem. To provide knowledge on the size of health problems in terms of socioeconomic burden, we examined the magnitudes and patterns of health inequalities across 12 health problems. A total of 17,292 participants older than 30 years were drawn from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2010–2012). The age-adjusted prevalence ratios were compared across socioeconomic positions (SEPs) based on income, education, and occupation. The magnitudes of socioeconomic inequalities varied across 12 health problems and, in general, the patterns of socioeconomic inequalities were similar among groups of health problems (i.e., non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mental health, and subjective health states). Significant health inequalities across NCDs, such as diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and arthritis, were observed mainly in women. Socioeconomic inequalities in mental health problems, such as depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts, were profound for both genders and across SEP measures. Significant socioeconomic inequalities were also observed for subjective health. No or weak associations were observed for injury and HBV infection. The patterns of socioeconomic inequalities were similar among groups of health problems. Mental illnesses appeared to require prioritization of socioeconomic approaches for improvement in terms of absolute prevalence and relative socioeconomic distribution.

The Prevalence of 22 Self-Harm Behaviors in a Consecutive Sample of Obstetrics/Gynecology Outpatients

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Randy A. Sansone ◽  
Joy Chang ◽  
Bryan Jewell
Keyword(s):  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Lifetime Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
Consecutive Sample ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Clinical Populations

Background: While a number of previous studies have examined limited forms of self-harm behavior, such as suicidal ideation/attempts/completions, or one specific behavior such as cutting or burning oneself (most frequently in psychiatric populations), few studies have examined the lifetime prevalence of multiple self-harm behaviors in a single non-psychiatric population and no study has done so among obstetrics/gynecology outpatients. Method: Using a cross-sectional consecutive sample of 370 women presenting to an obstetrics/gynecology outpatient clinic and a self-report survey methodology, we examined the lifetime prevalence of 22 self-harm behaviors. Results: In this sample, the most frequently self-reported self-harm behaviors were: engaged in emotionally abusive relationships (24.7%), abused alcohol (22.0%), been promiscuous (21.0%), attempted suicide (18.3%), and tortured self with self-defeating thoughts (16.7%). Four of these preceding behaviors were also the most commonly reported 5 of 22 behaviors in 3 previous studies of self-harm behavior in different clinical populations. Conclusions: It appears that the most frequently reported lifetime self-harm behaviors are relatively common across various non-psychiatric clinical populations of adults, albeit in different proportions, with some exceptions (i.e., suicide attempts in the present sample).

scholarly journals Coping-strategieë, stres en selfmoord-denkbeeldvorming in die Suid-Afrikaanse polisiediens in die Vrystaat

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Van Der Merwe ◽  
S. Rothmann ◽  
J. Pienaar
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Police Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Passive Coping ◽  
South African Police Service ◽  
South African Police

The general objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping, stress and suicide ideation within the South African Police Service. A cross-sectional survey design was used. A random, stratified sample was taken of police officials in the Free State (N = 333). The Suicide Ideation Questionnaire, Police Stress Inventory and COPE Questionnaire were administered. The results of this study indicated that the following factors were related to suicide ideation: passive coping, problem-focused coping, former suicide attempts, medical condition, alcohol consumption and police stressors. The discriminant analysis furthermore indicated that these variables correctly classified 77,55% of the respondents with a high score in respect of suicide ideation. Opsomming Die algemene doelstelling van hierdie navorsing was om die verband tussen coping-strategieë, stres en selfmoord- denkbeeldvorming binne die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens in die Vrystaat te ondersoek. ’n Dwarsdeursneeopnameontwerp is gebruik. ’n Ewekansige, gestratifiseerde steekproef (N = 333) is van polisiebeamptes in die Vrystaat geneem. Die Selfmoord denkbeeldvormingsvraelys, Polisiestres-inventaris en COPE-vraelys is aangewend. Die resultate van die studie het aangetoon dat die volgende faktore met selfmoord denkbeeldvorming verband hou: passiewe coping, probleemgerigte coping, vorige selfmoordpogings, mediese toestand, gebruik van alkohol en polisiespesifieke stressors. Die diskriminantontleding het verder aangedui dat bogenoemde veranderlikes 77,55% van die deelnemers met ’n hoë telling ten opsigte van selfmoord denkbeeldvorming korrek geklassifiseer het.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Perceived Stress Among Economics Education Undergraduate Students in South-East, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Sylvester N. Ogbueghu ◽  
Patricia Nwamaka Aroh ◽  
Robert Augustine Igwe ◽  
Jingak Emmanuel Dauda ◽  
Daniel M. Eze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Economics Education ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Objective

The study objective was to examine gender differences in perceived stress among Economics Education students in federal universities in South-East Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was adopted which consists of 135 Economics Education undergraduate students. Data collection was done using the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). Cronbach alpha reliability of the PSQ was 0.83. Data collection was done through direct delivery of the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and t-test. Results showed that there is no significant mean difference in perceived stress among male and female Economics education students in universities in South-East Nigeria. Economics Education specialists are urged to implement gender-inclusive teaching interventions to help Economics Education undergraduate students to manage perceived stress.

scholarly journals Career aspirations among specialty residents: a gender-based comparison

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Cathelain ◽  
Mercedes Jourdain ◽  
Charlotte Cordonnier ◽  
Sophie Catteau Jonard ◽  
Deborah Sebbane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Career Aspirations ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

Abstract Background - Two recent studies looked at the career choice of residents in obstetrics & gynecology. It seemed useful to us to broaden this questioning to other specialties, by proposing a study to all residents in the same Faculty. The objective of our study was to describe residents career aspirations and possible barriers according to gender.Methods – Declarative cross-sectional survey, using questionnaires sent by email to the specialty residents of the Faculty of Medicine of Lille (France). An analysis by specialty group (i.e. medicine, surgery, obstetrics & gynecology and anesthesia & resuscitation) and a comparison of the results according to gender were performed. Results – Of the 1,384 specialty residents currently in training, 462 answered the questionnaires (33.38%), among whom 289 women and 173 men (average age = 27.08 years +/- 0.091). 17 women (5.9%) were currently considering a university hospital career versus 37 men (21.4%) (p = 0.001). Gender analysis made it possible to identify obstacles to engaging in a university career: lacking female model, more frequent doubting in the ability to lead this type of career among women (61.6%) than men (35.3%) (p <0.001), and gender discrimination felt in the workplace for 51.6% of women (versus 7.5% of men, p <0.001). Subgroup analysis showed specificities related to each specialty. Conclusions – Few residents plan to embark upon a university hospital career, let alone female residents. There are specificities specific to each specialty and marked gender differences regarding career aspirations. Many obstacles have been identified as obstacles to access to university hospital positions for women. It is important to develop strategies to remove these barriers and enable women to pursue such university careers. Trial registration – Not applicable (no intervention)

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