The Impact of Random Metal Detector Searches on Contraband Possession and Feelings of Safety at School

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachana Bhatt ◽  
Tomeka Davis
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
Dade County ◽  
Illegal Drugs ◽  
Broward County ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Metal Detector ◽  
Estimation Strategy ◽  
School Year ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Weapons at school pose a danger to students as well as faculty. Educational administrators have attempted to reduce their prevalence by implementing random weapons searches in schools. This article examines the effectiveness of this approach using data from two geographically adjacent school districts in Florida (Miami-Dade and Broward). In the 1998-1999 school year, Miami-Dade County Schools implemented mandatory random weapons searches in schools, whereas Broward County did not. Using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, the results indicate that the searches reduced the likelihood that students brought weapons to school and reduced incidences of being offered illegal drugs at school in Miami. Moreover, students in Miami were less likely to report skipping school due to safety concerns following the introduction of the searches.

The Determinants and Consequences of Tax Audits: Some Evidence from China

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanfu Li ◽  
Jeffrey A. Pittman ◽  
Zi-Tian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Discretionary Accruals ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Effective Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Tax Reporting ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Using data obtained from a local tax office in China, we examine the determinants of corporate tax audits and the consequences of those audits. We find that the tax authority is more likely to select a firm for an audit when the firm has a lower effective tax rate, a higher book-tax difference, and more income-decreasing discretionary accruals. Applying a difference-in-differences research design, we find that after firms have been audited, they significantly increase their effective tax rates, reduce their book-tax differences, and reduce their income-decreasing discretionary accruals. Our study provides important insights on the determinants of the tax authority's decision on whether to initiate an audit and the impact of tax audits on both tax reporting and financial reporting. JEL Classifications: H26; L51; M41.

scholarly journals Impact of Internet Use on Mental Health among Elderly Individuals: A Difference-in-Differences Study Based on 2016–2018 CFPS Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Huan Zhang ◽  
Hongyang Wang ◽  
Huiyu Yan ◽  
Xiaoyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The number of elderly Internet users has increased significantly in the past few years. However, the impact of Internet use on mental health remains unclear. In this study, we performed a difference-in-differences analysis using data from the 2016 and 2018 waves of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to evaluate the impact of Internet usage on mental health among elderly individuals. A total of 5031 validated respondents were included to explore the relationship between Internet use and reduced levels of depression as well as improved life satisfaction among elderly individuals. The results showed that Internet use significantly reduced depression levels. Unexpectedly, Internet use was not found to improve life satisfaction. Moreover, discontinuing Internet use was not significantly associated with improvements in depression or life satisfaction. More research is needed to fully elucidate the relationship between Internet use and depression levels, as well as life satisfaction among elderly individuals.

scholarly journals Income Losses and Subjective Well-Being: Gender and Ethnic Inequalities during the Covid-19 Lockdown Period in the UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftherios Giovanis
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Life Satisfaction Approach ◽  
Detrimental Impact

Abstract COVID-19 has become a global health pandemic forcing governments introducing unprecedented steps to contain the spread of the virus. On the 23rd of March, 2020, the UK government addressed the nation to announce extraordinary measures as a response to slow down the spread of the coronavirus, which have influenced the well-being and finances of millions of people. As a result people had to make difficult adjustments and to follow different coping strategies in order to respond to income losses. The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of various coping strategies, due to the lockdown measures, on the respondents’ subjective well-being by gender and ethnic background. We apply a difference-in-differences framework using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) combined with the UKHLS COVID-19 survey conducted in April 2020. Furthermore, using the Life Satisfaction Approach (LSA), we estimate the well-being costs of the coping strategies adopted that denote the amount required to revert individual’s well-being into the levels were before Covid-19 period. The results show that coping strategies with the earning losses have a significant detrimental impact on well-being and the related costs range between £250-3,500, which are significantly varied by gender and ethnic group.JEL Classification: C1, I14, I31

scholarly journals Income Losses and Subjective Well-Being: Gender and Ethnic Inequalities during the Covid-19 Lockdown Period in the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftherios Giovanis ◽  
Oznur Ozdamar
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Life Satisfaction Approach ◽  
Detrimental Impact

Abstract COVID-19 has become a global health pandemic forcing governments introducing unprecedented steps to contain the spread of the virus. On the 23rd of March, 2020, the UK government addressed the nation to announce extraordinary measures as a response to slow down the spread of the coronavirus, which have influenced the well-being and finances of millions of people. As a result people had to make difficult adjustments and to follow different coping strategies in order to respond to income losses. The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of various coping strategies, due to the lockdown measures, on the respondents’ subjective well-being by gender and ethnic background. We apply a difference-in-differences framework using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) combined with the UKHLS COVID-19 survey conducted in April 2020. Furthermore, using the Life Satisfaction Approach (LSA), we estimate the well-being costs of the coping strategies adopted that denote the amount required to revert individual’s well-being into the levels were before Covid-19 period. The results show that coping strategies with the earning losses have a significant detrimental impact on well-being and the related costs range between £250-3,500, which are significantly varied by gender and ethnic group. JEL Classification: C1, I14, I31

The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Segregation on the Achievement Gap in California High Schools

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell W. Rumberger ◽  
J. Douglas Willms
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Achievement Gap ◽  
School Districts ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
School Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Achievement Levels

This study examines the extent and impact of racial and ethnic segregation in California high schools during the 1988–1989 school year. We find that racial and ethnic segregation is widespread in California and that the extent of segregation varies widely among ethnic groups and among the six largest school districts. We also find significant differences in achievement levels across school districts and across schools within school districts, even after adjusting for differences in the background characteristics of students. The analysis suggests that segregation can, but does not always, lead to achievement differences across schools and among ethnic groups.

Developing Eastern Germany: The Effects of Economics Promotion in the Eastern German States after Reunification

2016 ◽  
Vol 236 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnd Kölling
Keyword(s):  
Public Funding ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Eastern Germany ◽  
German States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Iab Establishment Panel ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of public funding on the performance of establishments in Eastern Germany. Using data from the German Institute for Employment Research (IAB) Establishment Panel from 1996 through 2012, the effect of economic promotion in the eastern part of Germany is studied on a number of indicators that provide insight into the topic. For this purpose, conditional difference-in-differences estimators were derived using a propensity score matching approach. Treated establishments in the area of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) invested more, had a higher value added and requested more labour than untreated firms when the amount of public funding is considered. However, on average, establishments with a history of previous investments also receive more funding than establishments that do not receive promotion. Also, some of the results are not permanent, such as the share of investment. Other effects of economic promotion in Germany include increases in wages, but these effects are rather small when compared to the size of the economic promotion. In addition, outcome for firms’ productivity is always insignificant and close to zero.

scholarly journals Incumbents Beware: The Impact of Offshoring on Elections

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Stephanie J. Rickard
Keyword(s):  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Estimation Strategy ◽  
Manufacturing Operations ◽  
Local Plant ◽  
Business Functions ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
Democratic Elections ◽  
Regional Elections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Is Offshoring

How does globalization affect politics? One of the most controversial aspects of globalization is offshoring, when manufacturing operations and business functions move abroad. Although voters generally dislike offshoring, it remains unclear how moving jobs abroad impacts democratic elections. Using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, the author finds that incumbent government parties lose more votes in municipalities where a local plant moved production abroad between elections than in municipalities that did not experience such an event. The result holds across various time periods, different incumbent parties and diverse types of elections. In both national and regional elections, voters punish incumbent government parties when a local firm moves production abroad. Incumbent parties' vote shares fall as the number of jobs lost due to offshoring increases. In multiparty governments, voters disproportionately punish the largest coalition party for offshoring. The results of an original survey administered in Spain verify the importance of offshoring for voters' retrospective evaluations of incumbents.

The Impact of Medicaid Expansions on Nonprofit Hospitals

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Wang ◽  
Khaldoun AbouAssi
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Nonprofit Hospitals ◽  
Federal Poverty Line ◽  
Medicaid Eligibility ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Medicaid Expansions

Abstract The 2010 Affordable Care Act expanded Medicaid eligibility to states’ residents with incomes below the federal poverty line, creating both opportunities and challenges to hospitals in states that adopted the new Medicaid eligibility. This article explores the effect of Medicaid expansions on nonprofit hospitals. Using data from Internal Revenue Service and a difference-in-differences design, this article examines the impact of the expansions on the number of, contributions to, and profitability of nonprofit hospitals. The results suggest that Medicaid expansions did not affect the number and profitability of nonprofit hospitals; however, the expansions were associated with a reduction in contributions to certain types of hospitals by around 23%. Therefore, the effects of policy changes vary by the type of nonprofit hospitals, which then need to find better strategies to cope with these changes.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Interculturalism and the Acceptance of Minority Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maykel Verkuyten ◽  
Kumar Yogeeswaran
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Situational Effect

Abstract. Multiculturalism has been criticized and rejected by an increasing number of politicians, and social psychological research has shown that it can lead to outgroup stereotyping, essentialist thinking, and negative attitudes. Interculturalism has been proposed as an alternative diversity ideology, but there is almost no systematic empirical evidence about the impact of interculturalism on the acceptance of migrants and minority groups. Using data from a survey experiment conducted in the Netherlands, we examined the situational effect of promoting interculturalism on acceptance. The results show that for liberals, but not for conservatives, interculturalism leads to more positive attitudes toward immigrant-origin groups and increased willingness to engage in contact, relative to multiculturalism.

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