Oral and Dental Examinations Findings in 15 Zoo Bolivian Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) and Black-Tufted Marmosets (Callithrix penicillata)

As part of an annual wellness evaluation, we performed oral and dental examination under general anesthesia in 7 zoo Bolivian squirrel monkeys aged 10 and 15 years, and 8 zoo black-tufted marmosets aged between 1 and 7 years. No oral discomfort was observed in any animal prior to the procedure. Apart from dilacerated roots of second mandibular incisor teeth in Bolivian squirrel monkeys and one case of presumably odontodysplasia in a black-tufted marmoset, no major variations in number and shape of the present teeth and roots were revealed. All 15 animals had gingivitis, but periodontitis was only diagnosed in 3 black-tufted marmosets. Most commonly diagnosed dental pathology in Bolivian squirrel monkeys was attrition/abrasion, affecting 11.9% of all teeth, followed by caries, which was only diagnosed in older animals. Altogether 8 fractured teeth were diagnosed in Bolivian squirrel monkeys only, with root fracture being the most common type, followed by complicated crown fracture and complicated crown-root fracture. Radiographic signs of endodontic disease were found in 10 teeth in Bolivian squirrel monkeys and in one nonvital tooth with intact crown in a black-tufted marmoset. We associated high occurrence of caries in the older Bolivian squirrel monkeys with their diet and saliva characteristics of these animals. Lack of any periodontitis in Bolivian squirrel monkeys may partially be attributed to limitations of radiography technique, although squirrel monkeys appear to be far less susceptible to naturally occurring periodontitis than marmosets.