Clinical insights into the three-dimensional anatomy of cheek teeth in alpacas based on micro-computed tomography - Part 2: Maxillary cheek teeth

Background Scientific knowledge regarding alpaca dentistry is relatively limited despite its clinical implications. The present gap in available supportive data leads to limited treatment options for dental pathology in alpacas in comparison to other species. The main goal of this study was to gain novel insights into the general and pulp morphology of maxillary cheek teeth to allow development of more advanced treatment strategies in the future. Also, the risk of causing pulp exposure when floating maxillary cheek teeth was of particular interest. Concurent research focusing on the anatomy of mandibular cheek teeth has been performed accordingly. The results obtained in mandibular teeth are expected to be non-extrapolatable because of the structural differences between mandibular and maxillary teeth. Results Pulp morphology of maxillary cheek teeth showed great variation. A common pulp chamber was identified in 46/83 (55.4%) teeth with a mean dental age of 2 years and 7 months (± 2 years and 5 months). Pulpal segmentation was more commonly observed in teeth of increasing age. Full columnar segmentation was seen in 33/69 teeth (47.8%), whereas within-column segmentation was observed in 36/83 teeth (43.4%). Age and degree of segmentation of the pulpal tissue varied greatly according to Triadan position. Physical contact between roots of adjacent teeth was found in the majority of examined molars (range 82–94%) which resulted in morphological adaptations at the level of the root tips. The measured sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was as low as 0.46 mm above pulp horn 2 in a 14 years and 11 months old Triadan 09, emphasizing the risk of pulp exposure attributed to dental floating. Conclusion This study offers an objective description of age-dependent maxillary cheek teeth pulp morphology in alpacas. Current findings are of great value to provide a basis for the development of tooth-saving techniques as a treatment for dental disease in this species. Observed physical contact between the roots of different examined molars may be a facilitating factor in the spread of apical infection in chronically diseased cases. Finally, a conservative approach regarding dental floating is recommended in order to avoid iatrogenic damage to pulp tissue.

MENOPAUSE AS A FACTOR OF ORAL HEALTH

General increase of longevity in Ukraine and around the world along with the increasing number of women over 50 necessitates implementation of comprehensive scientifically based programs aimed to improve health and quality of life of this part of population. The aim of this review of international and Ukrainian studies was to investigate in depth hormone associated mechanisms of pathologic conditions formation in peri- and postmenopausal women. Materials and methods. Studies on association of climacteric symptoms and symptoms of dental pathology were analyzed. Results. Our literature review showed worse condition of dental health in menopausal women. The pres­ence of estrogen receptors in oral mucosa and salivary glands increases the risk of dental pathology when ovarian function diminishes. Gradual decrease of ovarian steroids in female body causes changes in oral microbiota and changes microbial landscape of periodontal pockets and effects local immunity. This causes increase of oral mucosa pathology such as glossodynia or burning mouth syndrome, lichen planus and angular cheilitis. It also causes the increase of periodontal diseases rate. Conclusions. Cross-disciplinary interaction of dentists and gynecologists-endocrinologists will provide possibilities to discover more common causes and pathogenic mechanisms of periodontal diseases and oral mucosa in menopausal women. This will provide possibilities for the development of comprehensive approach to diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis.

MODERN ETHICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COLLISION OF INFORMED VOLUNTARY CONSENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF A PRIVATE DENTAL PATHOLOGY)

The results of a survey of 129 parents whose children underwent surgery for ankyloglossia showed: 67.5 % of parents believed that dentists provided them with sufficient information about this medical service, but only 25.6 % of them gave informed voluntary consent exclusively independently, and 74.4 % – after consulting with other people and / or getting acquainted with other sources (among the latter, first of all, the Internet appeared, where thematically scandalous or alarmist information is often found). Accordingly, this ethical and psychological collision should be taken into account by doctors when implementing the practice of informed voluntary consent, and healthcare organizers should better conduct public events on topical medical problems of both federal and, especially, regional nature (with the participation of people representing the most various, up to diametrically opposed points of view on the problem under discussion).

Studying the level of awareness of Russian and foreign dental students about orbital complications in dental pathology

The article analyzes the level of awareness of dental students about the occurrence of orbital pathology as a result of infection in the oral cavity. Anonymous survey of 4-5 year students of the Institute of Dentistry was carried out. 128 people took part in the survey. To conduct a comparative study, we used the data of foreign colleagues, who also asked graduates of the educational institution to answer similar questions (140 people). The questions presented in the questionnaire characterize general ideas about the possibility of developing orbital complications, as well as the tactics of a dentist in case of ocular complications in a dental infection. Most of the respondents stated the need for additional information, conducting reviews on the development of ocular complications in dental infection. Key words: orbital complications, questionnaires, opinion of dental students.

Clinical insights into the three-dimensional anatomy of cheek teeth in alpacas based on micro-computed tomography. Part 1: mandibular cheek teeth

Background Despite dental disease being a common health concern in alpacas, important dental pathology including apical infection, remains poorly understood. Treatment options are limited compared to veterinary dentistry techniques in other species. The primary goal of this study was to increase understanding of the external and internal anatomy of mandibular cheek teeth to enable the development of tooth sparing techniques in this species. Also, an objective evaluation of the sub-occlusal dentinal thickness in normal mandibular cheek teeth is warranted to understand the risks associated with reduction of overgrown teeth. Results Overall pulp anatomy was variably characterized by the presence of a common pulp chamber in younger teeth, and segmentation of pulp cavities into multiple separate pulp entities within the same tooth with increasing age. A common pulp chamber was identified in 55.3% (26/47) of teeth with a mean dental age of 1 year and 11 months (± 1 year and 8 months). Columnar segmentation was recorded in the remaining teeth with a mean dental age of 6 years and 5 months (± 3 years and 11 months). Age of segmentation of the common pulp chamber into multiple separate pulp entities shows wide variation and is dependent of the specific Triadan position. The present study illustrates the presence of disto-mesial root contacts between adjacent tooth roots, often leading to morphological adaptations, most frequently observed between Triadan 09–10s (80%) and 10–11s (67%). The measured sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was as low as 1.11 mm over some pulp horns. The sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was lower than 2, 3, and 4 mm in 13.1, 38.1 and 61.4% of performed measurements, respectively. Conclusion This study provides detailed information on age-dependent mandibular cheek teeth anatomy in alpacas, which may support the use and development of advanced dental treatments in this species such as endodontics and tooth sectioning techniques. Apical morphological adaptations caused by disto-mesial root contact between adjacent mandibular cheek teeth are clearly illustrated. The limited amount of sub-occlusal secondary dentin warrants a cautious approach with regards to dental floating in alpacas.

Dental disorders in patients recovered from malignant neoplasms in childhood

During the development of the bodyʼs homeostatic systems, anticancer drugs and radiation affect both tumor cells and healthy tissues. Damage to tissues with low potential for restorative functions, such as teeth, leads to a high probability of irreversible changes. The purpose of this literature review is to provide information on dental defects resulting from anticancer treatment. The most common anomalies in the development of teeth include a violation of the number, size, shape, mineralization of teeth, defects of dentin and enamel. The effect of a number of chemotherapeutic drugs has been studied in animal models and include a deficiency and thinning of the roots of the teeth. Irradiation leads to a wider spectrum of dental pathology: the integritation of the teeth changes, craniofacial dysmorphism, post-radiation mandibular hypomobility, damage to the salivary glands, the risk of developing osteoradionecrosis. The extent and severity of these effects depends from the child's age type of tumor and the radiation dose. The stage of tooth development is critical. Patients who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) before the age of 3 have a higher risk of dental disorders and anomalies in the development and growth of the face. Radiation therapy plays a leading role in the formation of caries. The study of the long-term effects of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, HSCT on the development of dental complications is of interest to identify the most vulnerable groups of patients in order to ensure the possibility of early intervention and improve the quality of life.

Vegetal Compounds as Sources of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agents in Dentistry

Dental pathology remains a global health problem affecting both children and adults. The most important dental diseases are dental caries and periodontal pathologies. The main cause of oral health problems is overpopulation with pathogenic bacteria and for this reason, conventional therapy can often be ineffective due to bacterial resistance or may have unpleasant side effects. For that reason, studies in the field have focused on finding new therapeutic alternatives. Special attention is paid to the plant kingdom, which offers a wide range of plants and active compounds in various pathologies. This review focused on the most used plants in the dental field, especially on active phytocompounds, both in terms of chemical structure and in terms of mechanism of action. It also approached the in vitro study of active compounds and the main types of cell lines used to elucidate the effect and mechanism of action. Thus, medicinal plants and their compounds represent a promising and interesting alternative to conventional therapy.

“TOOTH AGENESIS: A REVIEW OF MOLECULAR BASES”

Both recent progresses reached in molecular genetics and “Genoma Umano” project have collected positive results for the identication of those different genes involved in pathogenesis of human race pathologies. Just like any other medicine branch, dentistry could prot from molecular biology recent progresses, showing several answers to unknown questions. This knowledge also concerns genesis of pathologies interesting tissues (enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum), teeth formation and development. Our work aims at verifying, by means of a literature review, the current knowledge and the state of art of dental agenesis molecular bases, in order to better understand the etiopathogenetic role of inheritance and transmission of hypodontia. Our literature review elaborates on dental agenesis biomolecular bases, in order to group in one review all the new ndings in genetic eld about dental anomalies, attempting to give the clinician more information to make easier to manage one of the most discussed surgical dental pathology.

Improving The Treatment Of Paradontic Diseases With The Help Of Immunomodulating And Probiotic Drugs

Parodontitis is one of the most common types of dental pathology. Many factors play a role in the emergence and development of this disease. Despite certain achievements in the study of the etiological and pathogenetic ome and in the development of parodontitis diagnostics and methods of treatment of Ome, its emergence and development have not yet been determined to the end. The emergence and passage of parodontitis is accompanied by significant changes in the content of humoral factors in the oral fluid: IgA, which plays a leading role in the defense of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, immunoglobulins of IgG classes and secretory immunoglobulins - slgA; albumin, whose concentration in the oral fluid increases as a result of increasing the permeability of the walls